Sudan

Country Sudan
Capital Khartoum
Continent Africa
Currency Sudanese pound(SDG)
Languages Arabic & English

Information

Introduction

Military regimes favoring Islamic-oriented governments have dominated national politics since independence from the UK in 1956. Sudan was embroiled in two prolonged civil wars during most of the remainder of the 20th century. These conflicts were rooted in northern economic, political, and social domination of largely non-Muslim, non-Arab southern Sudanese. The first civil war ended in 1972 but broke out again in 1983. The second war and famine-related effects resulted in more than four million people displaced and, according to rebel estimates, more than two million deaths over a period of two decades. Peace talks gained momentum in 2002-04 with the signing of several accords. The final North/South Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), signed in January 2005, granted the southern rebels autonomy for six years followed by a referendum on independence for Southern Sudan. The referendum was held in January 2011 and indicated overwhelming support for independence. South Sudan became independent on 9 July 2011. Since southern independence Sudan has been combating rebels from the Sudan People's Liberation Movement-North (SPLM-N) in Southern Kordofan and Blue Nile states. A separate conflict, which broke out in the western region of Darfur in 2003, has displaced nearly two million people and caused an estimated 200,000 to 400,000 deaths. The UN took command of the Darfur peacekeeping operation from the African Union in December 2007. Peacekeeping troops have struggled to stabilize the situation, which has become increasingly regional in scope and has brought instability to eastern Chad. Sudan also has faced large refugee influxes from neighboring countries primarily Ethiopia and Chad. Armed conflict, poor transport infrastructure, and lack of government support have chronically obstructed the provision of humanitarian assistance to affected populations.

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References

Sudan - Wikipedia
Sudan - CIA World Fact Book
Sudan - BBC
Sudan - Timeline - BBC

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‘A true genocide’: RSF kills ‘at least 1,500 people’ in Sudan’s el-Fasher - Al Jazeera
  1. ‘A true genocide’: RSF kills ‘at least 1,500 people’ in Sudan’s el-Fasher  Al Jazeera
  2. Sudan war: RSF chief promises investigation as anger mounts over el-Fasher killings  BBC
  3. UN leaders condemn ‘horrifying’ mass killings in Sudan  The Guardian
  4. Satellite Images Show Bloodshed, Mass Killings In War-Ravaged Sudan  NDTV
  5. Blood, pile of corpses from Sudan massacre visible from space  India Today
  6. WHO condemns killings of patients and civilians amid escalating violence in El Fasher, Sudan  World Health Organization (WHO)
  7. Sudan: Mass Atrocities in Captured Darfur City  Human Rights Watch
  8. ‘Blood on the sand. Blood on the hands’: UN decries world’s failure as Sudan’s El Fasher falls  UN News
  9. Sudan: WHO 'appalled' by RSF maternity ward massacre  dw.com


Sudan's bloody war is immune to Trump's art of the deal - Responsible StatecraftSudan's bloody war is immune to Trump's art of the deal  Responsible Statecraft

Over 2,000 Civilians Killed by RSF in El Fasher, Sudan Government Says - NewsonairOver 2,000 Civilians Killed by RSF in El Fasher, Sudan Government Says  Newsonair

Survivors fleeing Sudan’s el-Fasher recount terror, bodies in streets - Al JazeeraSurvivors fleeing Sudan’s el-Fasher recount terror, bodies in streets  Al Jazeera

UN calls for end to Sudan siege after over 460 people were killed at maternity hospital - The HinduUN calls for end to Sudan siege after over 460 people were killed at maternity hospital  The Hindu

Civil War in Sudan | Global Conflict Tracker - Council on Foreign RelationsCivil War in Sudan | Global Conflict Tracker  Council on Foreign Relations

177,000 civilians trapped in Sudan’s El-Fasher amid mass killings by RSF, doctors say - Anadolu Ajansi177,000 civilians trapped in Sudan’s El-Fasher amid mass killings by RSF, doctors say  Anadolu Ajansi

Security Council LIVE: Ambassadors meet in emergency session on Sudan - UN NewsSecurity Council LIVE: Ambassadors meet in emergency session on Sudan  UN News

Hundreds Killed As Last Functioning Hospital In Sudan's Al-Fashir Attacked - NDTVHundreds Killed As Last Functioning Hospital In Sudan's Al-Fashir Attacked  NDTV

Washington’s ‘Blob’ is helping whitewash war crimes in Sudan - Al JazeeraWashington’s ‘Blob’ is helping whitewash war crimes in Sudan  Al Jazeera

Verifying new evidence of RSF involvement in Sudan civil war executions - BBCVerifying new evidence of RSF involvement in Sudan civil war executions  BBC

Sudan: Mass killings prompt fears of a new Darfur genocide - dw.comSudan: Mass killings prompt fears of a new Darfur genocide  dw.com

Sudan war: Reports of mass killings in el-Fasher in Darfur have echoes of country's dark past - BBCSudan war: Reports of mass killings in el-Fasher in Darfur have echoes of country's dark past  BBC

South Sudan at risk of return to war, UN investigators warn - UN NewsSouth Sudan at risk of return to war, UN investigators warn  UN News

Sudan army withdraws from Darfur’s el-Fasher, UN warns of RSF atrocities - Al JazeeraSudan army withdraws from Darfur’s el-Fasher, UN warns of RSF atrocities  Al Jazeera

Sudan satellite images show stains resembling blood - NBC NewsSudan satellite images show stains resembling blood  NBC News

Sudan: UN calls for end of el-Fasher siege in Darfur - dw.comSudan: UN calls for end of el-Fasher siege in Darfur  dw.com

Satellite images reveal mass killing sites in Sudan’s el-Fasher city - Al JazeeraSatellite images reveal mass killing sites in Sudan’s el-Fasher city  Al Jazeera

Massacre in el-Fasher: What’s happening in Sudan right now? - Al JazeeraMassacre in el-Fasher: What’s happening in Sudan right now?  Al Jazeera

Hundreds killed in Darfur hospital massacre, 'hero' doctors abducted - NPRHundreds killed in Darfur hospital massacre, 'hero' doctors abducted  NPR

Sudan: ICRC Statement on the Situation in Darfur - ICRCSudan: ICRC Statement on the Situation in Darfur  ICRC

Fears of mass atrocities after Sudan’s el-Fasher falls to paramilitaries - Al JazeeraFears of mass atrocities after Sudan’s el-Fasher falls to paramilitaries  Al Jazeera

‘They killed civilians in their beds’: chaos and brutality reign after fall of El Fasher - The Guardian‘They killed civilians in their beds’: chaos and brutality reign after fall of El Fasher  The Guardian

Sudan's paramilitary forces killed hundreds at a hospital in Darfur, residents and aid workers say - AP NewsSudan's paramilitary forces killed hundreds at a hospital in Darfur, residents and aid workers say  AP News

RSF seizes El Fasher, forcing Sudanese Armed Forces withdrawal - Long War JournalRSF seizes El Fasher, forcing Sudanese Armed Forces withdrawal  Long War Journal

Video evidence of atrocities emerges as Sudan’s RSF seizes el-Fasher - Al JazeeraVideo evidence of atrocities emerges as Sudan’s RSF seizes el-Fasher  Al Jazeera

UNSC rebukes RSF over Al Fasher siege, 'ethnically motivated' atrocities in Sudan - TRT WorldUNSC rebukes RSF over Al Fasher siege, 'ethnically motivated' atrocities in Sudan  TRT World

South Africa condemns ‘abhorrent, deliberate’ attacks on civilians, hospitals in Sudan - Anadolu AjansiSouth Africa condemns ‘abhorrent, deliberate’ attacks on civilians, hospitals in Sudan  Anadolu Ajansi

US lawmakers want response after Sudan 'horrors' by paramilitaries - ReutersUS lawmakers want response after Sudan 'horrors' by paramilitaries  Reuters

Satellite imagery points to possible mass killings in Sudan - CNNSatellite imagery points to possible mass killings in Sudan  CNN

‘Horrific’ violence as thousands flee Sudan's El Fasher - UN News‘Horrific’ violence as thousands flee Sudan's El Fasher  UN News

Sudan Doctors Syndicate details horrific war crimes in El-Fasher - The New ArabSudan Doctors Syndicate details horrific war crimes in El-Fasher  The New Arab

Sudan war: RSF militia killed 460 people at el-Fasher hospital, says WHO - BBCSudan war: RSF militia killed 460 people at el-Fasher hospital, says WHO  BBC

Sudan expels UN World Food Programme officials as conflict escalates - BBCSudan expels UN World Food Programme officials as conflict escalates  BBC

Sustainable Supply Chain: Sharing Best Practices - ReliefWebSustainable Supply Chain: Sharing Best Practices  ReliefWeb

UN relief chief warns of 'even darker hell' in Sudan as atrocities mount in El-Fasher - Anadolu AjansiUN relief chief warns of 'even darker hell' in Sudan as atrocities mount in El-Fasher  Anadolu Ajansi

Sudan war: New videos show executions after RSF militia takes key city - BBCSudan war: New videos show executions after RSF militia takes key city  BBC

Dead bodies on floor, wounded pleading for help: Inside Sudan hospital siege | World News - Hindustan TimesDead bodies on floor, wounded pleading for help: Inside Sudan hospital siege | World News  Hindustan Times

UN alarmed by ‘terrifying’ situation in Sudan’s El Fasher, calls for immediate ceasefire - UN NewsUN alarmed by ‘terrifying’ situation in Sudan’s El Fasher, calls for immediate ceasefire  UN News

Sudan conflict: El-Fasher's fall to RSF paramilitary force raises fear of mass killings - BBCSudan conflict: El-Fasher's fall to RSF paramilitary force raises fear of mass killings  BBC

Nearly 180,000 People Trapped by RSF in Sudan’s El-Fasher (Doctors’ Union) - AL24 NewsNearly 180,000 People Trapped by RSF in Sudan’s El-Fasher (Doctors’ Union)  AL24 News

UN Security Council: A3+ Condemns RSF ‘Atrocities’ in El Fasher, Sudan - AL24 NewsUN Security Council: A3+ Condemns RSF ‘Atrocities’ in El Fasher, Sudan  AL24 News

Hundreds reportedly killed at Sudanese hospital as evidence of RSF atrocities mounts - The GuardianHundreds reportedly killed at Sudanese hospital as evidence of RSF atrocities mounts  The Guardian

Pile of bodies, 'blood' stains visible from space show scale of Sudan massacre - WIONPile of bodies, 'blood' stains visible from space show scale of Sudan massacre  WION

UN Security Council condemns RSF assault on Sudan's al-Fashir - ReutersUN Security Council condemns RSF assault on Sudan's al-Fashir  Reuters

DTM Sudan Flash Alert:At Tina (Tina town), North Darfur (Update 001): 29 October 2025 - ReliefWebDTM Sudan Flash Alert:At Tina (Tina town), North Darfur (Update 001): 29 October 2025  ReliefWeb

Tom Fletcher, Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator – Briefing to the Security Council on the humanitarian situation in Sudan - ReliefWebTom Fletcher, Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator – Briefing to the Security Council on the humanitarian situation in Sudan  ReliefWeb

UN Security Council condemns assault by paramilitary Rapid Support Forces on Sudan’s El-Fasher - Middle East MonitorUN Security Council condemns assault by paramilitary Rapid Support Forces on Sudan’s El-Fasher  Middle East Monitor

Devex Newswire: Situation in Sudan worsens as aid officials are shown the door - DevexDevex Newswire: Situation in Sudan worsens as aid officials are shown the door  Devex

Transitional Justice in Sudan: Between a Long-Standing Elusive Quest and the Foundation for an Alternative Future - African ArgumentsTransitional Justice in Sudan: Between a Long-Standing Elusive Quest and the Foundation for an Alternative Future  African Arguments

RSF massacres 38 Sudanese civilians in North Kordofan state: Sudan Doctors Network - TRT WorldRSF massacres 38 Sudanese civilians in North Kordofan state: Sudan Doctors Network  TRT World

Sudanese missing in El-Fasher after paramilitary takeover in ‘grave danger’, aid groups warn - France 24Sudanese missing in El-Fasher after paramilitary takeover in ‘grave danger’, aid groups warn  France 24

South Sudan | Building resilience and transforming lives through roads and infrastructure - EEASSouth Sudan | Building resilience and transforming lives through roads and infrastructure  EEAS

Reports of mass killings prompt UN call to halt Sudan violence | Daily Sabah - Daily SabahReports of mass killings prompt UN call to halt Sudan violence | Daily Sabah  Daily Sabah

Sudanese activist sees his executed uncles in RSF videos from el-Fasher - Al JazeeraSudanese activist sees his executed uncles in RSF videos from el-Fasher  Al Jazeera

Fear of mass killings as thousands trapped in besieged Sudan city taken by militia group - BBCFear of mass killings as thousands trapped in besieged Sudan city taken by militia group  BBC

‘A True Genocide’: Over 1,500 Civilians Killed as RSF Seizes Sudan’s El-Fasher - The Observer Post‘A True Genocide’: Over 1,500 Civilians Killed as RSF Seizes Sudan’s El-Fasher  The Observer Post

Sudan demands accountability for paramilitary RSF after killing patients, medical staff in El-Fasher - Anadolu AjansiSudan demands accountability for paramilitary RSF after killing patients, medical staff in El-Fasher  Anadolu Ajansi

UN Security Council condemns RSF assault on Sudan’s al-Fashir - Al Arabiya EnglishUN Security Council condemns RSF assault on Sudan’s al-Fashir  Al Arabiya English

UN cites 'horrifying' escalation in Sudan as El-Fasher falls to Rapid Support Forces - Anadolu AjansiUN cites 'horrifying' escalation in Sudan as El-Fasher falls to Rapid Support Forces  Anadolu Ajansi

Genocide warnings 'flashing red' after RSF takeover of Sudan's El-Fasher - France 24Genocide warnings 'flashing red' after RSF takeover of Sudan's El-Fasher  France 24

Sudan's war: The fertile Jebel Marra region where food is rotting amid the conflict - BBCSudan's war: The fertile Jebel Marra region where food is rotting amid the conflict  BBC

Reported massacre at hospital in Sudan’s El Fasher leaves 460 dead - UN NewsReported massacre at hospital in Sudan’s El Fasher leaves 460 dead  UN News

Risk of large-scale atrocities in Sudan’s El Fasher grows ‘by the day’ - UN NewsRisk of large-scale atrocities in Sudan’s El Fasher grows ‘by the day’  UN News

Sudan: With hundreds feared dead, WHO condemns RSF’s massacre at El-Fasher’s only hospital - FirstpostSudan: With hundreds feared dead, WHO condemns RSF’s massacre at El-Fasher’s only hospital  Firstpost

El-Fasher: UN pleads for safe passage for civilians trapped in war-hit Sudan city - BBCEl-Fasher: UN pleads for safe passage for civilians trapped in war-hit Sudan city  BBC

UK military equipment used by militia accused of genocide found in Sudan, UN told - The GuardianUK military equipment used by militia accused of genocide found in Sudan, UN told  The Guardian

Sudan lashes out at 'weak' EU response to paramilitary massacre - EUobserverSudan lashes out at 'weak' EU response to paramilitary massacre  EUobserver

Sudan: UN Warns of Expansion of Atrocities Beyond Darfur - AL24 NewsSudan: UN Warns of Expansion of Atrocities Beyond Darfur  AL24 News

Bloodbath feared as rebels trap thousands in Sudan city. How did we get here and what might come next? - CNNBloodbath feared as rebels trap thousands in Sudan city. How did we get here and what might come next?  CNN

South Africa condemns Sudan atrocities, demands end to impunity and hostilities - Africa24 TVSouth Africa condemns Sudan atrocities, demands end to impunity and hostilities  Africa24 TV

Sudan siege ends in bloodbath despite pleas for mercy - Financial TimesSudan siege ends in bloodbath despite pleas for mercy  Financial Times

South Sudan may slide back to full-blown conflict, UN warns - APAnews - Agence de Presse AfricaineSouth Sudan may slide back to full-blown conflict, UN warns  APAnews - Agence de Presse Africaine

Mass killings reported in Sudanese city seized by paramilitary group - The GuardianMass killings reported in Sudanese city seized by paramilitary group  The Guardian

Today's top news: Sudan, Occupied Palestinian Territory, Hurricane Melissa - OCHAToday's top news: Sudan, Occupied Palestinian Territory, Hurricane Melissa  OCHA

El-Fasher: Rebel group claims capture of key city in Sudan - BBCEl-Fasher: Rebel group claims capture of key city in Sudan  BBC

Sudan demands accountability for RSF over hospital killings in Al-Fashir - AnewZSudan demands accountability for RSF over hospital killings in Al-Fashir  AnewZ

UN warns of ‘atrocities,’ ‘horror’ in Sudan as RSF advances - Al Arabiya EnglishUN warns of ‘atrocities,’ ‘horror’ in Sudan as RSF advances  Al Arabiya English

Yale report finds evidence of RSF mass killings in Sudan’s el-Fasher - Al JazeeraYale report finds evidence of RSF mass killings in Sudan’s el-Fasher  Al Jazeera

Sudan Hospital Massacre: Rapid Support Forces Accused of Maternity Attack - WIONSudan Hospital Massacre: Rapid Support Forces Accused of Maternity Attack  WION

WHO chief condemns reported killings of patients, civilians in Sudan's El-Fasher - Anadolu AjansiWHO chief condemns reported killings of patients, civilians in Sudan's El-Fasher  Anadolu Ajansi

Paths to justice: accountability for atrocities in the Sudan (A/HRC/60/CRP.7: ) - ReliefWebPaths to justice: accountability for atrocities in the Sudan (A/HRC/60/CRP.7: )  ReliefWeb

Mass Killings Reported in Sudan as RSF Seizes El Fasher; 460 Killed at Hospital - Democracy Now!Mass Killings Reported in Sudan as RSF Seizes El Fasher; 460 Killed at Hospital  Democracy Now!

Sudan accuses RSF of mass killings in El Fasher; Over 2,000 civilians reported dead - DaijiworldSudan accuses RSF of mass killings in El Fasher; Over 2,000 civilians reported dead  Daijiworld

Sudan's Rapid Support Forces accused of maternity hospital attack - WIONSudan's Rapid Support Forces accused of maternity hospital attack  WION

Devils on horseback, rape for Arab babies, and gold mines: Why Sudan burns - India TodayDevils on horseback, rape for Arab babies, and gold mines: Why Sudan burns  India Today

Sudan: Call for immediate action to prevent further attacks on civilians in and around El Fasher - Immediate International Action Needed to Halt Atrocities - ReliefWebSudan: Call for immediate action to prevent further attacks on civilians in and around El Fasher - Immediate International Action Needed to Halt Atrocities  ReliefWeb

Disturbing Reports of Sudan’s Military Using Chlorine Gas - Human Rights WatchDisturbing Reports of Sudan’s Military Using Chlorine Gas  Human Rights Watch

UNHCR: Escalating violence in Sudan’s El Fasher forces thousands to flee - UNHCR - The UN Refugee AgencyUNHCR: Escalating violence in Sudan’s El Fasher forces thousands to flee  UNHCR - The UN Refugee Agency

Paramilitary fighters seize Sudan military’s last stronghold in ‘terrible escalation’ of civil war - NBC NewsParamilitary fighters seize Sudan military’s last stronghold in ‘terrible escalation’ of civil war  NBC News

UN Security Council condemns Sudan’s RSF for 'ethnically motivated atrocities' in El Fasher - thenationalnews.comUN Security Council condemns Sudan’s RSF for 'ethnically motivated atrocities' in El Fasher  thenationalnews.com

Hundreds Killed in Massacre at Sudanese Hospital, W.H.O. Warns - The New York TimesHundreds Killed in Massacre at Sudanese Hospital, W.H.O. Warns  The New York Times