Sudan

Country Sudan
Capital Khartoum
Continent Africa
Currency Sudanese pound(SDG)
Languages Arabic & English

Information

Introduction

Military regimes favoring Islamic-oriented governments have dominated national politics since independence from the UK in 1956. Sudan was embroiled in two prolonged civil wars during most of the remainder of the 20th century. These conflicts were rooted in northern economic, political, and social domination of largely non-Muslim, non-Arab southern Sudanese. The first civil war ended in 1972 but broke out again in 1983. The second war and famine-related effects resulted in more than four million people displaced and, according to rebel estimates, more than two million deaths over a period of two decades. Peace talks gained momentum in 2002-04 with the signing of several accords. The final North/South Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), signed in January 2005, granted the southern rebels autonomy for six years followed by a referendum on independence for Southern Sudan. The referendum was held in January 2011 and indicated overwhelming support for independence. South Sudan became independent on 9 July 2011. Since southern independence Sudan has been combating rebels from the Sudan People's Liberation Movement-North (SPLM-N) in Southern Kordofan and Blue Nile states. A separate conflict, which broke out in the western region of Darfur in 2003, has displaced nearly two million people and caused an estimated 200,000 to 400,000 deaths. The UN took command of the Darfur peacekeeping operation from the African Union in December 2007. Peacekeeping troops have struggled to stabilize the situation, which has become increasingly regional in scope and has brought instability to eastern Chad. Sudan also has faced large refugee influxes from neighboring countries primarily Ethiopia and Chad. Armed conflict, poor transport infrastructure, and lack of government support have chronically obstructed the provision of humanitarian assistance to affected populations.

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References

Sudan - Wikipedia
Sudan - CIA World Fact Book
Sudan - BBC
Sudan - Timeline - BBC

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Khartoum, Sudan: The BBC goes inside burnt-out shell of capital - BBC
  1. Khartoum, Sudan: The BBC goes inside burnt-out shell of capital  BBC
  2. The siege of Khartoum has lifted. Left behind are scenes of unimaginable horror | Nesrine Malik  The Guardian
  3. RSF paramilitary chief admits forces withdrew from Sudan capital  Times of India
  4. Khartoum changes hands, heralding a new phase in Sudan’s civil war  The Economist
  5. "Neither Forgive, Nor compromise, Nor Negotiate": Sudan Chief On Civil War  NDTV
  6. Sudan's army chief rules out reconciliation with paramilitary forces  Firstpost
  7. Sudan’s RSF confirms retreat from Khartoum, eyes ‘stronger’ return  Al Jazeera
  8. Sudan's paramilitary forces admit withdrawal from Khartoum  DW
  9. Sudan’s civil war: What military advances mean, and where the country could be heading next  The Conversation


New images reveal extent of looting at Sudan’s national museum as rooms stripped of treasures - The GuardianNew images reveal extent of looting at Sudan’s national museum as rooms stripped of treasures  The Guardian

The Guardian view on South Sudan: the world's youngest nation is on the brink of a new conflict | Editorial - The GuardianThe Guardian view on South Sudan: the world's youngest nation is on the brink of a new conflict | Editorial  The Guardian

Sudan army’s latest major capture, al-Burhan says ‘victory not complete’ - Al JazeeraSudan army’s latest major capture, al-Burhan says ‘victory not complete’  Al Jazeera

“I witnessed unimaginable horrors”: Sexual violence used as weapon of terror against women and girls across Sudan - ReliefWeb“I witnessed unimaginable horrors”: Sexual violence used as weapon of terror against women and girls across Sudan  ReliefWeb

South Sudanese bishops warn of catastrophe as full-scale war threatens - OSV NewsSouth Sudanese bishops warn of catastrophe as full-scale war threatens  OSV News

South Sudan Is Returning to War - Foreign PolicySouth Sudan Is Returning to War  Foreign Policy

UN rights body sounds the alarm over South Sudan crisis - UN NewsUN rights body sounds the alarm over South Sudan crisis  UN News

‘We are crying’: heritage authorities express sorrow after Sudan National Museum looted and ransacked - The Art Newspaper‘We are crying’: heritage authorities express sorrow after Sudan National Museum looted and ransacked  The Art Newspaper

Sudan's civil war escalates as South Sudan faces renewed threat of conflict - Vatican NewsSudan's civil war escalates as South Sudan faces renewed threat of conflict  Vatican News

Heavy fighting reported between Sudanese army, rival RSF in southern Sudan - Anadolu AjansiHeavy fighting reported between Sudanese army, rival RSF in southern Sudan  Anadolu Ajansi

Sudan's booming wartime gold trade flows through the UAE - Genocide WatchSudan's booming wartime gold trade flows through the UAE  Genocide Watch

How grassroots activists are stepping in to care for Sudan’s war-scarred communities - Arab NewsHow grassroots activists are stepping in to care for Sudan’s war-scarred communities  Arab News

Sudan civil war: Inside Khartoum following two years of war - BBCSudan civil war: Inside Khartoum following two years of war  BBC

Sudan’s army takes full control of Khartoum, RSF remains defiant - Al JazeeraSudan’s army takes full control of Khartoum, RSF remains defiant  Al Jazeera

‘Perfect storm’ in South Sudan demands urgent action, says Guterres - UN News‘Perfect storm’ in South Sudan demands urgent action, says Guterres  UN News

What’s happened in Sudan’s civil war after new Khartoum battles? - Al JazeeraWhat’s happened in Sudan’s civil war after new Khartoum battles?  Al Jazeera

Is Sudan’s war merging with South Sudanese conflicts? - Al JazeeraIs Sudan’s war merging with South Sudanese conflicts?  Al Jazeera

Is South Sudan heading to another civil war? - Al JazeeraIs South Sudan heading to another civil war?  Al Jazeera

Sudan's paramilitary RSF chief says war with army is not over - ReutersSudan's paramilitary RSF chief says war with army is not over  Reuters

‘Khartoum is free’ says Sudan Army chief al-Burhan after airport captured - Al Jazeera‘Khartoum is free’ says Sudan Army chief al-Burhan after airport captured  Al Jazeera

Sudan: Two years of conflict in Sudan marred by global failure to protect civilians - fidh.orgSudan: Two years of conflict in Sudan marred by global failure to protect civilians  fidh.org

825,000 children trapped as conflict rages in Sudan’s Al Fasher and Zamzam internally displaced camp - Unicef825,000 children trapped as conflict rages in Sudan’s Al Fasher and Zamzam internally displaced camp  Unicef

Sudan’s army reclaims the capital Khartoum as RSF militia ‘loses steam’ - France 24Sudan’s army reclaims the capital Khartoum as RSF militia ‘loses steam’  France 24

World Court to hear Sudan genocide case against United Arab Emirates - ReutersWorld Court to hear Sudan genocide case against United Arab Emirates  Reuters

UN Mission urges restraint as South Sudan crisis deepens - UN NewsUN Mission urges restraint as South Sudan crisis deepens  UN News

South Sudan says arrested VP Machar tried to stir rebellion - ReutersSouth Sudan says arrested VP Machar tried to stir rebellion  Reuters

Pope decries 'appalling humanitarian catastrophe' in Sudan - Vatican NewsPope decries 'appalling humanitarian catastrophe' in Sudan  Vatican News

Gold and the war in Sudan - Chatham HouseGold and the war in Sudan  Chatham House

The sounds and scents of Eid return to some of Sudan after years of war - TRT WorldThe sounds and scents of Eid return to some of Sudan after years of war  TRT World

Sudan’s army has captured the capital. Is it a turning point in the devastating conflict? - CNNSudan’s army has captured the capital. Is it a turning point in the devastating conflict?  CNN

Is South Sudan on the brink of another civil war? - DWIs South Sudan on the brink of another civil war?  DW

South Sudan opposition says vice president’s arrest ends peace deal - Al JazeeraSouth Sudan opposition says vice president’s arrest ends peace deal  Al Jazeera

See the moment Sudan’s army reclaimed its capital city - CNNSee the moment Sudan’s army reclaimed its capital city  CNN

Sudan war: Displacement figures fall for first time - UN NewsSudan war: Displacement figures fall for first time  UN News

Congress Has a Choice on Sudan - Foreign PolicyCongress Has a Choice on Sudan  Foreign Policy

South Sudan crisis: A UN rescue mission, a shoot-out and the injured helicopter pilot - BBCSouth Sudan crisis: A UN rescue mission, a shoot-out and the injured helicopter pilot  BBC

Sudan army chief Abdel Fattah al-Burhan tours recaptured presidential palace in Khartoum - BBCSudan army chief Abdel Fattah al-Burhan tours recaptured presidential palace in Khartoum  BBC

Sudan’s army chief says 'Khartoum is free' amid gains - DWSudan’s army chief says 'Khartoum is free' amid gains  DW

Today's top news: Myanmar, Occupied Palestinian Territory, Sudan, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ukraine - OCHAToday's top news: Myanmar, Occupied Palestinian Territory, Sudan, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ukraine  OCHA

South Sudan on the Brink Risks Triggering Wider Conflict - Bloomberg.comSouth Sudan on the Brink Risks Triggering Wider Conflict  Bloomberg.com

Two Killed in Attack on Sudan Refugee Camp: Medical Source - The Defense PostTwo Killed in Attack on Sudan Refugee Camp: Medical Source  The Defense Post

'Waited for death': Ex-detainees recount horrors of Sudan's RSF prisons - Times of India'Waited for death': Ex-detainees recount horrors of Sudan's RSF prisons  Times of India

Sudanese Armed Forces Recapture Sudan’s Capital Of Khartoum From R.S.F. Forces - The Organization for World PeaceSudanese Armed Forces Recapture Sudan’s Capital Of Khartoum From R.S.F. Forces  The Organization for World Peace

Sudan: 20th Anniversary of Darfur ICC Referral - Human Rights WatchSudan: 20th Anniversary of Darfur ICC Referral  Human Rights Watch

Sudan: Rights chief deplores deadly army strikes on North Darfur market - UN NewsSudan: Rights chief deplores deadly army strikes on North Darfur market  UN News

Fears intensify of return to civil war as South Sudan vice-president arrested - The GuardianFears intensify of return to civil war as South Sudan vice-president arrested  The Guardian

Al-Burhan in Saudi Arabia as his forces advance in Sudan - Middle East MonitorAl-Burhan in Saudi Arabia as his forces advance in Sudan  Middle East Monitor

Sudan’s army retakes presidential palace in Khartoum, strikes blow to RSF - Al JazeeraSudan’s army retakes presidential palace in Khartoum, strikes blow to RSF  Al Jazeera

South Sudan clashes: VP Riek Machar's arrest ends 2018 peace deal, his party says - BBCSouth Sudan clashes: VP Riek Machar's arrest ends 2018 peace deal, his party says  BBC

Sudan's army shells Omdurman in push to oust RSF from capital region - ReutersSudan's army shells Omdurman in push to oust RSF from capital region  Reuters

Photos show destruction in Khartoum after Sudan’s army takes back capital - The Washington PostPhotos show destruction in Khartoum after Sudan’s army takes back capital  The Washington Post

International Court of Justice to hear Sudan genocide claim against UAE - JURIST - News - JURIST Legal NewsInternational Court of Justice to hear Sudan genocide claim against UAE - JURIST - News  JURIST Legal News

Sudan army accused of killing hundreds in airstrike on Darfur market - BBCSudan army accused of killing hundreds in airstrike on Darfur market  BBC

RSF Retreats from Khartoum as Sudan’s Civil War Deepens - Africa.comRSF Retreats from Khartoum as Sudan’s Civil War Deepens  Africa.com

Churches urge dialogue to defuse tensions in South Sudan - Vatican NewsChurches urge dialogue to defuse tensions in South Sudan  Vatican News

The battle for Khartoum: tracking Sudan’s war over two years - The ConversationThe battle for Khartoum: tracking Sudan’s war over two years  The Conversation

Türkiye warns citizens against travel to South Sudan amid rising tensions - Anadolu AjansiTürkiye warns citizens against travel to South Sudan amid rising tensions  Anadolu Ajansi

Arrest of South Sudan VP on 'unclear charges' stokes fears of reignited civil war - France 24Arrest of South Sudan VP on 'unclear charges' stokes fears of reignited civil war  France 24

Sudan's RSF paramilitary chief admits forces withdrew from Khartoum - France 24Sudan's RSF paramilitary chief admits forces withdrew from Khartoum  France 24

KSrelief supports thousands in Sudan, Somalia, Lebanon - Arab NewsKSrelief supports thousands in Sudan, Somalia, Lebanon  Arab News

No full victory without defeating final rebel holdouts: Sudan’s Burhan - Anadolu AjansiNo full victory without defeating final rebel holdouts: Sudan’s Burhan  Anadolu Ajansi

'Khartoum is free', Sudan's army chief says after military retakes airport - France 24'Khartoum is free', Sudan's army chief says after military retakes airport  France 24

Sudan’s army seizes control of central bank amid steady gains in Khartoum - Al JazeeraSudan’s army seizes control of central bank amid steady gains in Khartoum  Al Jazeera

A New Phase in Sudan’s Civil War - CSIS | Center for Strategic and International StudiesA New Phase in Sudan’s Civil War  CSIS | Center for Strategic and International Studies

UNICEF says 12 million at risk of sexual violence as Sudan crisis deepens - Al JazeeraUNICEF says 12 million at risk of sexual violence as Sudan crisis deepens  Al Jazeera

People affected by violence and cholera in South Sudan arrive exhausted in Ethiopia - MSFPeople affected by violence and cholera in South Sudan arrive exhausted in Ethiopia  MSF

South Sudan on the brink of civil war, top UN official warns - UN NewsSouth Sudan on the brink of civil war, top UN official warns  UN News

Detention of South Sudan's VP Machar cancels peace deal, his party says - ReutersDetention of South Sudan's VP Machar cancels peace deal, his party says  Reuters

UN Human Rights Council 58: UK Statement on the OHCHR report for South Sudan - GOV.UKUN Human Rights Council 58: UK Statement on the OHCHR report for South Sudan  GOV.UK

A Highly Tense Lent in South Sudan - FSSPX NewsA Highly Tense Lent in South Sudan  FSSPX News

Could Sudan be split into two countries? - DWCould Sudan be split into two countries?  DW

The Forgotten War: Two Years of Civil War in Sudan - Modern DiplomacyThe Forgotten War: Two Years of Civil War in Sudan  Modern Diplomacy

Egyptian inmates’ ordeal in Sudan prisons - Arab NewsEgyptian inmates’ ordeal in Sudan prisons  Arab News

Sudan’s army recaptures presidential palace in major battlefield gain - The GuardianSudan’s army recaptures presidential palace in major battlefield gain  The Guardian

Chad condemns Sudan's airport threat as 'declaration of war' - BBCChad condemns Sudan's airport threat as 'declaration of war'  BBC

Rapid Support Forces vows war with Sudanese army is not over - AfricanewsRapid Support Forces vows war with Sudanese army is not over  Africanews

Sudan civil war: BBC witnesses the battle for Khartoum - BBCSudan civil war: BBC witnesses the battle for Khartoum  BBC

Sudan’s army says it’s taken control of Khartoum as RSF retreat - Al JazeeraSudan’s army says it’s taken control of Khartoum as RSF retreat  Al Jazeera

Significant Movement in Sudan's Civil War - Crude Oil Prices Today | OilPrice.comSignificant Movement in Sudan's Civil War  Crude Oil Prices Today | OilPrice.com

Sudan: Army claims control of Khartoum - DWSudan: Army claims control of Khartoum  DW

Violence and cholera ravage both sides of South Sudan-Ethiopia border - Doctors Without BordersViolence and cholera ravage both sides of South Sudan-Ethiopia border  Doctors Without Borders

South Sudan on brink of civil war as UN warns of rising tensions - France 24South Sudan on brink of civil war as UN warns of rising tensions  France 24

AU Commission Chairperson to Deploy Panel of the Wise for South Sudan Mediation - African UnionAU Commission Chairperson to Deploy Panel of the Wise for South Sudan Mediation  African Union

South Sudan opposition says peace deal has collapsed after arrest of its leader - AP NewsSouth Sudan opposition says peace deal has collapsed after arrest of its leader  AP News

African Union warns of Sudan partition risk - Al JazeeraAfrican Union warns of Sudan partition risk  Al Jazeera

Deadly Myanmar earthquake, major Sudan moment, and staggering US Signal failure: The Cheat Sheet - The New HumanitarianDeadly Myanmar earthquake, major Sudan moment, and staggering US Signal failure: The Cheat Sheet  The New Humanitarian

Sudan National Museum Looted, Museum Attendance Returns to a ‘Natural Level,’ and More: Morning Links for April 1, 2025 - ARTnews.comSudan National Museum Looted, Museum Attendance Returns to a ‘Natural Level,’ and More: Morning Links for April 1, 2025  ARTnews.com

Dozens killed in strike on market in Sudan’s North Darfur - Al JazeeraDozens killed in strike on market in Sudan’s North Darfur  Al Jazeera

Sudan civil war crisis 'probably the most horrendous in the world' - Irish ExaminerSudan civil war crisis 'probably the most horrendous in the world'  Irish Examiner

Sudan’s army chief returns to Khartoum for first time in 2 years of war after airport recaptured - AP NewsSudan’s army chief returns to Khartoum for first time in 2 years of war after airport recaptured  AP News

South Sudan bishops offer to mediate to stop ‘catastrophic’ violence - The TabletSouth Sudan bishops offer to mediate to stop ‘catastrophic’ violence  The Tablet