Eritrea

Country Eritrea
Capital Asmara
Continent Africa
Currency Nakfa(ERN)
Languages Tigrinya, Arabic & English

Information

Introduction

The UN awarded Eritrea to Ethiopia in 1952 as part of a federation. Ethiopia's annexation of Eritrea as a province 10 years later sparked a 30-year struggle for independence that ended in 1991 with Eritrean rebels defeating governmental forces; independence was overwhelmingly approved in a 1993 referendum. A two-and-a-half-year border war with Ethiopia that erupted in 1998 ended under UN auspices in December 2000. Eritrea hosted a UN peacekeeping operation that monitored a 25 km-wide Temporary Security Zone (TSZ) on the border with Ethiopia. Eritrea's denial of fuel to the mission caused the UN to withdraw the mission and terminate its mandate 31 July 2008. An international commission, organized to resolve the border dispute, posted its findings in 2002. However, both parties have been unable to reach agreement on implementing the decision. On 30 November 2007, the Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission remotely demarcated the border by coordinates and dissolved itself, leaving Ethiopia still occupying several tracts of disputed territory, including the town of Badme. Eritrea accepted the EEBC's "virtual demarcation" decision and called on Ethiopia to remove its troops from the TSZ that it states is Eritrean territory. Ethiopia has not accepted the virtual demarcation decision.

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References

Eritrea - Wikipedia
Eritrea - CIA World Fact Book
Eritrea - BBC
Eritrea - Timeline - BBC

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2024 FGM Country Snapshot: Eritrea - unfpa.org2024 FGM Country Snapshot: Eritrea  unfpa.org

UN rights council rejects Eritrea’s bid to end human rights investigation - Al JazeeraUN rights council rejects Eritrea’s bid to end human rights investigation  Al Jazeera

Crackdown in Quatit: Arrests and Isolation Deepen Tensions in Southern Eritrea - IDN-InDepthNewsCrackdown in Quatit: Arrests and Isolation Deepen Tensions in Southern Eritrea  IDN-InDepthNews

UN Rights Council Rejects Bad-Faith Bid to End Eritrea Scrutiny - Human Rights WatchUN Rights Council Rejects Bad-Faith Bid to End Eritrea Scrutiny  Human Rights Watch

The Horn of Africa’s Reset: Eritrea-Ethiopia Rift Threatens Wider Instability - orfonline.orgThe Horn of Africa’s Reset: Eritrea-Ethiopia Rift Threatens Wider Instability  orfonline.org

Are Eritrea and Ethiopia already at war? - Pan African ReviewAre Eritrea and Ethiopia already at war?  Pan African Review

Ethiopia: Afar nationalists see opportunity in Abiy’s tensions with Eritrea - The Africa Report.comEthiopia: Afar nationalists see opportunity in Abiy’s tensions with Eritrea  The Africa Report.com

Sudan Nashra: Military moves warplanes to Eritrea, strikes Nyala, opens new front in North Kordofan | UAE engages Sudan via Cairo, Addis Ababa | Hemedti renews accusations against Egypt, threatens to strike north - ??? ???Sudan Nashra: Military moves warplanes to Eritrea, strikes Nyala, opens new front in North Kordofan | UAE engages Sudan via Cairo, Addis Ababa | Hemedti renews accusations against Egypt, threatens to strike north  ??? ???

Eritrea National Day - U.S. Department of State (.gov)Eritrea National Day  U.S. Department of State (.gov)

A dangerous frenemy: Averting a showdown between Eritrea and Ethiopia - ClingendaelA dangerous frenemy: Averting a showdown between Eritrea and Ethiopia  Clingendael

Rising tensions in the Horn of Africa - GIS ReportsRising tensions in the Horn of Africa  GIS Reports

The State of Eritrea Signs its Third Country Programme Framework (CPF) for 2024-2028 - IAEAThe State of Eritrea Signs its Third Country Programme Framework (CPF) for 2024-2028  IAEA

Seminar for Nationals in Hamburg - Eritrea Ministry Of InformationSeminar for Nationals in Hamburg  Eritrea Ministry Of Information

Open Doors calls for the release of seven pastors imprisoned in Eritrea for 21 years - Open Doors UK & IrelandOpen Doors calls for the release of seven pastors imprisoned in Eritrea for 21 years  Open Doors UK & Ireland

Sudan’s Burhan arrives in Turkey on heels of Eritrea visit, key victories - AL-MonitorSudan’s Burhan arrives in Turkey on heels of Eritrea visit, key victories  AL-Monitor

Year of Impact: Eritrea’s Resident Coordinator on Turning Challenge into Change - United Nations Sustainable Development GroupYear of Impact: Eritrea’s Resident Coordinator on Turning Challenge into Change  United Nations Sustainable Development Group

Tensions Rise as Ethiopia, Eritrea Threaten War - Africa Defense ForumTensions Rise as Ethiopia, Eritrea Threaten War  Africa Defense Forum

Back from the brink: How European support could prevent another Ethiopia-Eritrea war - European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR)Back from the brink: How European support could prevent another Ethiopia-Eritrea war  European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR)

Human Rights Council Members Should Reject Eritrea’s Bid to End Scrutiny - Human Rights WatchHuman Rights Council Members Should Reject Eritrea’s Bid to End Scrutiny  Human Rights Watch

Situation Report Horn of Africa: Eritrean opposition group announces armed struggle; Uganda-South Sudan forces clash; Kenya halts Eritrean refugee registration - IDN-InDepthNewsSituation Report Horn of Africa: Eritrean opposition group announces armed struggle; Uganda-South Sudan forces clash; Kenya halts Eritrean refugee registration  IDN-InDepthNews

Are Ethiopia and Eritrea hurtling towards war? - Al JazeeraAre Ethiopia and Eritrea hurtling towards war?  Al Jazeera

CPJ, 31 others call for UN scrutiny of Eritrea’s human rights record - Committee to Protect JournalistsCPJ, 31 others call for UN scrutiny of Eritrea’s human rights record  Committee to Protect Journalists

Away from the global spotlight, Eritreans are trapped in a garrison state - Al JazeeraAway from the global spotlight, Eritreans are trapped in a garrison state  Al Jazeera

Strategies for integrating residential PV and wind energy in Eritrea’s electricity grid by imposing feed-in constraints in low voltage network - ScienceDirect.comStrategies for integrating residential PV and wind energy in Eritrea’s electricity grid by imposing feed-in constraints in low voltage network  ScienceDirect.com

Eritrea, Tanzania, Djibouti assistant referees selected for FIFA U-17 World Cup - cecafaEritrea, Tanzania, Djibouti assistant referees selected for FIFA U-17 World Cup  cecafa

Eritrean officials refuse letter calling for release of imprisoned Christian leaders - wng.orgEritrean officials refuse letter calling for release of imprisoned Christian leaders  wng.org

Understanding Eritrea’s Distinctive Development Vision - Eritrea Ministry Of InformationUnderstanding Eritrea’s Distinctive Development Vision  Eritrea Ministry Of Information

Rusted screws, metal spikes and plastic rubbish: the horrific sexual violence used against Tigray’s women - The GuardianRusted screws, metal spikes and plastic rubbish: the horrific sexual violence used against Tigray’s women  The Guardian

Ethiopia-Eritrea: People embrace at the border demanding peace - BBCEthiopia-Eritrea: People embrace at the border demanding peace  BBC

The UN Human Rights Council must renew mandate of Special Rapporteur on Eritrea - Amnesty InternationalThe UN Human Rights Council must renew mandate of Special Rapporteur on Eritrea  Amnesty International

Eritrea seeks to end mandate of UN expert investigating abuses, document shows - ReutersEritrea seeks to end mandate of UN expert investigating abuses, document shows  Reuters

A look at Eritrea's role as new Tigray war looms in Ethiopia - DWA look at Eritrea's role as new Tigray war looms in Ethiopia  DW

Highlights from the Crisis Response Initiative in Eritrea - IFADHighlights from the Crisis Response Initiative in Eritrea  IFAD

Protests held in London demanding release of Eritrean pastors imprisoned for 21 years - Premier Christian NewsProtests held in London demanding release of Eritrean pastors imprisoned for 21 years  Premier Christian News

Eritrean President Isaias Afwerki: Three decades, one leader - how independence hopes were dashed - BBCEritrean President Isaias Afwerki: Three decades, one leader - how independence hopes were dashed  BBC

Ethiopia Conflict Threatens to Create Another Challenge for Trump in Africa - American Enterprise InstituteEthiopia Conflict Threatens to Create Another Challenge for Trump in Africa  American Enterprise Institute

Tensions in Tigray could spark war between Ethiopia and Eritrea – disaster must be avoided - Chatham HouseTensions in Tigray could spark war between Ethiopia and Eritrea – disaster must be avoided  Chatham House

Power struggle leads to coup in Tigray as war looms between Ethiopia and Eritrea - The GuardianPower struggle leads to coup in Tigray as war looms between Ethiopia and Eritrea  The Guardian

Digital 2025: Eritrea - DataReportal – Global Digital InsightsDigital 2025: Eritrea  DataReportal – Global Digital Insights

Statement Delivered by Ambassador Estifanos Afeworki at TICAD9 in Yokohama - Eritrea Ministry Of InformationStatement Delivered by Ambassador Estifanos Afeworki at TICAD9 in Yokohama  Eritrea Ministry Of Information

To avoid another conflict in the Horn of Africa, now is the time to act - Al JazeeraTo avoid another conflict in the Horn of Africa, now is the time to act  Al Jazeera

Eritrea: Turning Challenge into Change - Welcome to the United NationsEritrea: Turning Challenge into Change  Welcome to the United Nations

World Report 2025: Rights Trends in Eritrea - Human Rights WatchWorld Report 2025: Rights Trends in Eritrea  Human Rights Watch

Ethiopia’s Expansionist Ideology: The Quintessential Allegory of the Cave - Eritrea Ministry Of InformationEthiopia’s Expansionist Ideology: The Quintessential Allegory of the Cave  Eritrea Ministry Of Information

Time to Sanction Eritrea – Again - Modern DiplomacyTime to Sanction Eritrea – Again  Modern Diplomacy

Atrocity Alert No. 445: Sudan, Syria and Eritrea - Global Centre for the Responsibility to ProtectAtrocity Alert No. 445: Sudan, Syria and Eritrea  Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect

Authoritarian Ambitions and Regional Instability: The Looming War between Ethiopia-Eritrea - Modern DiplomacyAuthoritarian Ambitions and Regional Instability: The Looming War between Ethiopia-Eritrea  Modern Diplomacy

Why Eritreans want Isak to remain at Newcastle - BBCWhy Eritreans want Isak to remain at Newcastle  BBC

Mali, Mauritania and Eritrea become the latest locations for online maritime fraud - Lloyd's ListMali, Mauritania and Eritrea become the latest locations for online maritime fraud  Lloyd's List

Is War Between Ethiopia, Eritrea Brewing in Tigray? - Africa Defense ForumIs War Between Ethiopia, Eritrea Brewing in Tigray?  Africa Defense Forum

Call to release Eritrean pastors held without charge for 21 years - www.christiantoday.comCall to release Eritrean pastors held without charge for 21 years  www.christiantoday.com

Ethiopia rules out conflict with Eritrea over Red Sea access - Al JazeeraEthiopia rules out conflict with Eritrea over Red Sea access  Al Jazeera

TotalEnergies plans to sell service stations in Ethiopia and Eritrea - africabusinessplus.comTotalEnergies plans to sell service stations in Ethiopia and Eritrea  africabusinessplus.com

Severe Repression in Eritrea Has Prompted Decades of Exodus - migrationpolicy.orgSevere Repression in Eritrea Has Prompted Decades of Exodus  migrationpolicy.org

Eritrea: Training on Cooling and Heating Systems in Massawa - ZAWYAEritrea: Training on Cooling and Heating Systems in Massawa  ZAWYA

Using Science, Technology, and Innovation to deliver results for Eritrea – UN Technology Bank’s Visit to Eritrea - Welcome to the United NationsUsing Science, Technology, and Innovation to deliver results for Eritrea – UN Technology Bank’s Visit to Eritrea  Welcome to the United Nations

Unfulfilled Promises : Europe’s Joy and the Betrayal of Eritrea in the Wake of Fascist Defeat in World War II. - Modern DiplomacyUnfulfilled Promises : Europe’s Joy and the Betrayal of Eritrea in the Wake of Fascist Defeat in World War II.  Modern Diplomacy

Ethiopia’s Dangerous Descent: The Road to War with Eritrea After the Siege of Tigray - Modern DiplomacyEthiopia’s Dangerous Descent: The Road to War with Eritrea After the Siege of Tigray  Modern Diplomacy

Ethiopia does not want war with Eritrea, says PM Abiy Ahmed - BBCEthiopia does not want war with Eritrea, says PM Abiy Ahmed  BBC

Indefinite Instability: Rule of Law in Eritrea - The Borgen ProjectIndefinite Instability: Rule of Law in Eritrea  The Borgen Project

Ethiopia Deploys Heavy Weapons to Eritrean Border Amid Rising Tensions - DNE AfricaEthiopia Deploys Heavy Weapons to Eritrean Border Amid Rising Tensions  DNE Africa

Explainer: Why are Ethiopia and Eritrea on the brink of a possible war? - ReutersExplainer: Why are Ethiopia and Eritrea on the brink of a possible war?  Reuters

Eritrea: Successful Cataract Surgery in Adi-Keih Hospital - ZAWYAEritrea: Successful Cataract Surgery in Adi-Keih Hospital  ZAWYA

Rethinking American Foreign Policy Toward Eritrea: The Need for Nuance - Modern DiplomacyRethinking American Foreign Policy Toward Eritrea: The Need for Nuance  Modern Diplomacy

Ethiopia and Eritrea Slide Closer to War amid Tigray Upheaval - International Crisis GroupEthiopia and Eritrea Slide Closer to War amid Tigray Upheaval  International Crisis Group

Five lessons from Eritrea’s self-reliance in an era of global aid cuts - TRT GlobalFive lessons from Eritrea’s self-reliance in an era of global aid cuts  TRT Global

Eritrea's President warns Ethiopia against renewed conflict amid rising regional tensions - africanews.comEritrea's President warns Ethiopia against renewed conflict amid rising regional tensions  africanews.com

Germany: Police raids target Eritrean terror group - DWGermany: Police raids target Eritrean terror group  DW

Egypt, Eritrea discuss regional stability, Red Sea security - DailynewsegyptEgypt, Eritrea discuss regional stability, Red Sea security  Dailynewsegypt

Investing in rural people in Eritrea - IFADInvesting in rural people in Eritrea  IFAD

Eritrean president warns Ethiopia against war - TRT GlobalEritrean president warns Ethiopia against war  TRT Global

Eritrea's conflicts also being fought out in Germany - DWEritrea's conflicts also being fought out in Germany  DW

Training on Cooling and Heating Systems in Massawa - Eritrea Ministry Of InformationTraining on Cooling and Heating Systems in Massawa  Eritrea Ministry Of Information

Factors influencing attrition among adults in HIV care at two referral hospitals in northern coastal Eritrea from 2005 to 2021 - NatureFactors influencing attrition among adults in HIV care at two referral hospitals in northern coastal Eritrea from 2005 to 2021  Nature

Paramilitary drone hits Sudan airport near Eritrea: pro-army source - Arab NewsParamilitary drone hits Sudan airport near Eritrea: pro-army source  Arab News

Eritrea - InventaEritrea  Inventa

Eritrea: Seminar for Nationals in Hamburg - ZAWYAEritrea: Seminar for Nationals in Hamburg  ZAWYA

Stop the Next Ethiopia-Eritrea War Before It Begins - Foreign PolicyStop the Next Ethiopia-Eritrea War Before It Begins  Foreign Policy

Ethiopia and Eritrea on path to war, Tigray officials warn - ReutersEthiopia and Eritrea on path to war, Tigray officials warn  Reuters

Eritrea: Washington’s Surprising Partner in Africa’s Most Unstable Corner - Modern DiplomacyEritrea: Washington’s Surprising Partner in Africa’s Most Unstable Corner  Modern Diplomacy

Can Eritrea’s mining sector flourish under autocratic rule? - IntelliNewsCan Eritrea’s mining sector flourish under autocratic rule?  IntelliNews

Can Eritrea Be a Force for Stability After Its Dictator’s Fall? - Middle East ForumCan Eritrea Be a Force for Stability After Its Dictator’s Fall?  Middle East Forum

Azerbaijan announces return of 18 citizens from detained vessels in Eritrea - Anadolu AjansiAzerbaijan announces return of 18 citizens from detained vessels in Eritrea  Anadolu Ajansi

‘It was almost a relief when someone died’: former prisoners on the torture and terror of Eritrea’s secret prisons - The Guardian‘It was almost a relief when someone died’: former prisoners on the torture and terror of Eritrea’s secret prisons  The Guardian

Ethiopia and Eritrea, On a Collision Course - International Crisis GroupEthiopia and Eritrea, On a Collision Course  International Crisis Group

Strategic Reversals: Abiy’s Miscalculation and the Tigray–Eritrea Realignment - Ethiopia InsightStrategic Reversals: Abiy’s Miscalculation and the Tigray–Eritrea Realignment  Ethiopia Insight

New Ge‘ez Missal to serve unity among Ethiopian, Eritrean Catholics - Vatican NewsNew Ge‘ez Missal to serve unity among Ethiopian, Eritrean Catholics  Vatican News

Eritrea: Adopt a strong resolution extending the Special Rapporteur’s mandate - Global Centre for the Responsibility to ProtectEritrea: Adopt a strong resolution extending the Special Rapporteur’s mandate  Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect

Eritrea has imprisoned 7 church leaders for decades without charges - Christian PostEritrea has imprisoned 7 church leaders for decades without charges  Christian Post

Eritrean, Somali leaders discuss stability amid regional tensions - VOA - Voice of America English NewsEritrean, Somali leaders discuss stability amid regional tensions  VOA - Voice of America English News

Situation Report Horn of Africa: Eritrea tables motion to end Special Rapporteur mandate - IDN-InDepthNewsSituation Report Horn of Africa: Eritrea tables motion to end Special Rapporteur mandate  IDN-InDepthNews

Congo, Chad, Eritrea, Sudan and Somalia hit by U.S. travel ban - africanews.comCongo, Chad, Eritrea, Sudan and Somalia hit by U.S. travel ban  africanews.com

European Union in Eritrea – MD Africa visits Asmara - EEASEuropean Union in Eritrea – MD Africa visits Asmara  EEAS

Eritrea Confronted at the U.N. Over Rampant Human Rights Abuses - UN WatchEritrea Confronted at the U.N. Over Rampant Human Rights Abuses  UN Watch

‘It’s a step towards hope’: a refugee’s journey from wartorn Eritrea to the London Marathon - The Guardian‘It’s a step towards hope’: a refugee’s journey from wartorn Eritrea to the London Marathon  The Guardian

UN Human Rights Council 58: UK Statement at the Enhanced Interactive Dialogue on Eritrea - GOV.UKUN Human Rights Council 58: UK Statement at the Enhanced Interactive Dialogue on Eritrea  GOV.UK

Instrumentalizing Terror: The Long Arm of Transnational Repression in Eritrea and Algeria - African ArgumentsInstrumentalizing Terror: The Long Arm of Transnational Repression in Eritrea and Algeria  African Arguments

Institute for the Study of War - Institute for the Study of WarInstitute for the Study of War  Institute for the Study of War

Eritrean Embassy rejects petition calling for release of imprisoned Christian leaders - Christian PostEritrean Embassy rejects petition calling for release of imprisoned Christian leaders  Christian Post

Independent, Sovereign Eritrea Stays the Course - Black Agenda ReportIndependent, Sovereign Eritrea Stays the Course  Black Agenda Report