Eritrea

Country Eritrea
Capital Asmara
Continent Africa
Currency Nakfa(ERN)
Languages Tigrinya, Arabic & English

Information

Introduction

The UN awarded Eritrea to Ethiopia in 1952 as part of a federation. Ethiopia's annexation of Eritrea as a province 10 years later sparked a 30-year struggle for independence that ended in 1991 with Eritrean rebels defeating governmental forces; independence was overwhelmingly approved in a 1993 referendum. A two-and-a-half-year border war with Ethiopia that erupted in 1998 ended under UN auspices in December 2000. Eritrea hosted a UN peacekeeping operation that monitored a 25 km-wide Temporary Security Zone (TSZ) on the border with Ethiopia. Eritrea's denial of fuel to the mission caused the UN to withdraw the mission and terminate its mandate 31 July 2008. An international commission, organized to resolve the border dispute, posted its findings in 2002. However, both parties have been unable to reach agreement on implementing the decision. On 30 November 2007, the Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission remotely demarcated the border by coordinates and dissolved itself, leaving Ethiopia still occupying several tracts of disputed territory, including the town of Badme. Eritrea accepted the EEBC's "virtual demarcation" decision and called on Ethiopia to remove its troops from the TSZ that it states is Eritrean territory. Ethiopia has not accepted the virtual demarcation decision.

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References

Eritrea - Wikipedia
Eritrea - CIA World Fact Book
Eritrea - BBC
Eritrea - Timeline - BBC

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Italy and Eritrea Strengthen Bilateral Ties with New Plan of Action - Eritrea Ministry Of InformationItaly and Eritrea Strengthen Bilateral Ties with New Plan of Action  Eritrea Ministry Of Information

UN rights council rejects Eritrea’s bid to end human rights investigation - Al JazeeraUN rights council rejects Eritrea’s bid to end human rights investigation  Al Jazeera

TOOS Madaxweyne Trump oo warqad u diray madaxwaynaha Eritrea - BBCTOOS Madaxweyne Trump oo warqad u diray madaxwaynaha Eritrea  BBC

Rising tensions in the Horn of Africa - GIS ReportsRising tensions in the Horn of Africa  GIS Reports

The Horn of Africa’s Reset: Eritrea-Ethiopia Rift Threatens Wider Instability - orfonline.orgThe Horn of Africa’s Reset: Eritrea-Ethiopia Rift Threatens Wider Instability  orfonline.org

Eritrea's Afwerki Warns Ethiopia's Abiy Over Addis Ababa's Red Sea Ambitions | Firstpost Africa - FirstpostEritrea's Afwerki Warns Ethiopia's Abiy Over Addis Ababa's Red Sea Ambitions | Firstpost Africa  Firstpost

UN Rights Council Rejects Bad-Faith Bid to End Eritrea Scrutiny - Human Rights WatchUN Rights Council Rejects Bad-Faith Bid to End Eritrea Scrutiny  Human Rights Watch

A look at Eritrea's role as new Tigray war looms in Ethiopia - DWA look at Eritrea's role as new Tigray war looms in Ethiopia  DW

Sudan Nashra: Military moves warplanes to Eritrea, strikes Nyala, opens new front in North Kordofan | UAE engages Sudan via Cairo, Addis Ababa | Hemedti renews accusations against Egypt, threatens to strike north - ??? ???Sudan Nashra: Military moves warplanes to Eritrea, strikes Nyala, opens new front in North Kordofan | UAE engages Sudan via Cairo, Addis Ababa | Hemedti renews accusations against Egypt, threatens to strike north  ??? ???

A dangerous frenemy: Averting a showdown between Eritrea and Ethiopia - ClingendaelA dangerous frenemy: Averting a showdown between Eritrea and Ethiopia  Clingendael

Eritrea National Day - U.S. Department of State (.gov)Eritrea National Day  U.S. Department of State (.gov)

Mali, Mauritania and Eritrea become the latest locations for online maritime fraud - Lloyd's ListMali, Mauritania and Eritrea become the latest locations for online maritime fraud  Lloyd's List

The State of Eritrea Signs its Third Country Programme Framework (CPF) for 2024-2028 - IAEAThe State of Eritrea Signs its Third Country Programme Framework (CPF) for 2024-2028  IAEA

Back from the brink: How European support could prevent another Ethiopia-Eritrea war - European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR)Back from the brink: How European support could prevent another Ethiopia-Eritrea war  European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR)

Eritrean president warns Ethiopia against waging war - Arab NewsEritrean president warns Ethiopia against waging war  Arab News

Sudan’s Burhan arrives in Turkey on heels of Eritrea visit, key victories - AL-MonitorSudan’s Burhan arrives in Turkey on heels of Eritrea visit, key victories  AL-Monitor

Sonny: Eritrea’s Sound Goes Global with “The World Album” - Eritrea Ministry Of InformationSonny: Eritrea’s Sound Goes Global with “The World Album”  Eritrea Ministry Of Information

Human Rights Council Members Should Reject Eritrea’s Bid to End Scrutiny - Human Rights WatchHuman Rights Council Members Should Reject Eritrea’s Bid to End Scrutiny  Human Rights Watch

Ethiopia-Eritrea: People embrace at the border demanding peace - BBCEthiopia-Eritrea: People embrace at the border demanding peace  BBC

Are Ethiopia and Eritrea hurtling towards war? - Al JazeeraAre Ethiopia and Eritrea hurtling towards war?  Al Jazeera

Year of Impact: Eritrea’s Resident Coordinator on Turning Challenge into Change - United Nations Sustainable Development GroupYear of Impact: Eritrea’s Resident Coordinator on Turning Challenge into Change  United Nations Sustainable Development Group

Away from the global spotlight, Eritreans are trapped in a garrison state - Al JazeeraAway from the global spotlight, Eritreans are trapped in a garrison state  Al Jazeera

Eritrea's President warns Ethiopia against renewed conflict amid rising regional tensions - africanews.comEritrea's President warns Ethiopia against renewed conflict amid rising regional tensions  africanews.com

The UN Human Rights Council must renew mandate of Special Rapporteur on Eritrea - Amnesty InternationalThe UN Human Rights Council must renew mandate of Special Rapporteur on Eritrea  Amnesty International

Strategies for integrating residential PV and wind energy in Eritrea’s electricity grid by imposing feed-in constraints in low voltage network - ScienceDirect.comStrategies for integrating residential PV and wind energy in Eritrea’s electricity grid by imposing feed-in constraints in low voltage network  ScienceDirect.com

Eritrea fails in bid to end UN human rights probe - TRT GlobalEritrea fails in bid to end UN human rights probe  TRT Global

CPJ, 31 others call for UN scrutiny of Eritrea’s human rights record - Committee to Protect JournalistsCPJ, 31 others call for UN scrutiny of Eritrea’s human rights record  Committee to Protect Journalists

Instability in the Horn of Africa: Eritrea Accuses Abu Dhabi - EritreaLiveInstability in the Horn of Africa: Eritrea Accuses Abu Dhabi  EritreaLive

Rusted screws, metal spikes and plastic rubbish: the horrific sexual violence used against Tigray’s women - theguardian.comRusted screws, metal spikes and plastic rubbish: the horrific sexual violence used against Tigray’s women  theguardian.com

Interview with President Isaias Afwerki: on key regional and national issues (2nd & last segment-Domestic issues) - Eritrea Ministry Of InformationInterview with President Isaias Afwerki: on key regional and national issues (2nd & last segment-Domestic issues)  Eritrea Ministry Of Information

Eritrea: Training for Heads of Ministry of Education Branch in Anseba Region - ZAWYAEritrea: Training for Heads of Ministry of Education Branch in Anseba Region  ZAWYA

Muxuu madaxweynaha Eritrea ka yiri xiisadda kala dhaxaysa Itoobiya? - BBCMuxuu madaxweynaha Eritrea ka yiri xiisadda kala dhaxaysa Itoobiya?  BBC

Digital 2025: Eritrea - DataReportal – Global Digital InsightsDigital 2025: Eritrea  DataReportal – Global Digital Insights

President Donald Trump sends message to President Isias Afwerki - Eritrea Ministry Of InformationPresident Donald Trump sends message to President Isias Afwerki  Eritrea Ministry Of Information

Highlights from the Crisis Response Initiative in Eritrea - IFADHighlights from the Crisis Response Initiative in Eritrea  IFAD

To avoid another conflict in the Horn of Africa, now is the time to act - Al JazeeraTo avoid another conflict in the Horn of Africa, now is the time to act  Al Jazeera

Ethiopia Conflict Threatens to Create Another Challenge for Trump in Africa - American Enterprise InstituteEthiopia Conflict Threatens to Create Another Challenge for Trump in Africa  American Enterprise Institute

Power struggle leads to coup in Tigray as war looms between Ethiopia and Eritrea - theguardian.comPower struggle leads to coup in Tigray as war looms between Ethiopia and Eritrea  theguardian.com

Eritrean President Isaias Afwerki: Three decades, one leader - how independence hopes were dashed - BBCEritrean President Isaias Afwerki: Three decades, one leader - how independence hopes were dashed  BBC

Investing in rural people in Eritrea - ReliefWebInvesting in rural people in Eritrea  ReliefWeb

Tensions in Tigray could spark war between Ethiopia and Eritrea – disaster must be avoided - Chatham HouseTensions in Tigray could spark war between Ethiopia and Eritrea – disaster must be avoided  Chatham House

Press Release: Schiff, Durbin, and Coons Introduce Resolution Addressing Human Rights Abuses in Eritrea - Quiver QuantitativePress Release: Schiff, Durbin, and Coons Introduce Resolution Addressing Human Rights Abuses in Eritrea  Quiver Quantitative

World Report 2025: Rights Trends in Eritrea - Human Rights WatchWorld Report 2025: Rights Trends in Eritrea  Human Rights Watch

Eritrea Travel Advice & Safety - SmartravellerEritrea Travel Advice & Safety  Smartraveller

Time to Sanction Eritrea – Again - Modern DiplomacyTime to Sanction Eritrea – Again  Modern Diplomacy

Eritrea: Turning Challenge into Change - Welcome to the United NationsEritrea: Turning Challenge into Change  Welcome to the United Nations

Eritrea seeks to end mandate of UN expert investigating abuses, document shows - ReutersEritrea seeks to end mandate of UN expert investigating abuses, document shows  Reuters

Authoritarian Ambitions and Regional Instability: The Looming War between Ethiopia-Eritrea - Modern DiplomacyAuthoritarian Ambitions and Regional Instability: The Looming War between Ethiopia-Eritrea  Modern Diplomacy

Ethiopia Deploys Heavy Weapons to Eritrean Border Amid Rising Tensions - DNE AfricaEthiopia Deploys Heavy Weapons to Eritrean Border Amid Rising Tensions  DNE Africa

Atrocity Alert No. 445: Sudan, Syria and Eritrea - Global Centre for the Responsibility to ProtectAtrocity Alert No. 445: Sudan, Syria and Eritrea  Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect

Contribution to towards augmenting Martyrs Trust Fund - Eritrea Ministry Of InformationContribution to towards augmenting Martyrs Trust Fund  Eritrea Ministry Of Information

Expert Comment: The possibility of war between Ethiopia and Eritrea - ACLEDExpert Comment: The possibility of war between Ethiopia and Eritrea  ACLED

Eritrea - Red Sea, Horn of Africa, Conflict - BritannicaEritrea - Red Sea, Horn of Africa, Conflict  Britannica

Ethiopia rules out conflict with Eritrea over Red Sea access - Al JazeeraEthiopia rules out conflict with Eritrea over Red Sea access  Al Jazeera

Investing in rural people in Eritrea - IFADInvesting in rural people in Eritrea  IFAD

Severe Repression in Eritrea Has Prompted Decades of Exodus - migrationpolicy.orgSevere Repression in Eritrea Has Prompted Decades of Exodus  migrationpolicy.org

A Mandate Built on Politics, Not Principle: Time for the Human Rights Council to Reassess Eritrea - The America TimesA Mandate Built on Politics, Not Principle: Time for the Human Rights Council to Reassess Eritrea  The America Times

Ethiopia does not want war with Eritrea, says PM Abiy Ahmed - BBCEthiopia does not want war with Eritrea, says PM Abiy Ahmed  BBC

Eritrea, Ethiopia Tigray readies its military leadership for war - Africa IntelligenceEritrea, Ethiopia Tigray readies its military leadership for war  Africa Intelligence

Azerbaijan announces return of 18 citizens from detained vessels in Eritrea - Anadolu AjansiAzerbaijan announces return of 18 citizens from detained vessels in Eritrea  Anadolu Ajansi

Using Science, Technology, and Innovation to deliver results for Eritrea – UN Technology Bank’s Visit to Eritrea - Welcome to the United NationsUsing Science, Technology, and Innovation to deliver results for Eritrea – UN Technology Bank’s Visit to Eritrea  Welcome to the United Nations

Rethinking American Foreign Policy Toward Eritrea: The Need for Nuance - Modern DiplomacyRethinking American Foreign Policy Toward Eritrea: The Need for Nuance  Modern Diplomacy

Ethiopia’s Dangerous Descent: The Road to War with Eritrea After the Siege of Tigray - Modern DiplomacyEthiopia’s Dangerous Descent: The Road to War with Eritrea After the Siege of Tigray  Modern Diplomacy

Indefinite Instability: Rule of Law in Eritrea - The Borgen ProjectIndefinite Instability: Rule of Law in Eritrea  The Borgen Project

Explainer: Why are Ethiopia and Eritrea on the brink of a possible war? - ReutersExplainer: Why are Ethiopia and Eritrea on the brink of a possible war?  Reuters

Ethiopia and Eritrea Slide Closer to War amid Tigray Upheaval - International Crisis GroupEthiopia and Eritrea Slide Closer to War amid Tigray Upheaval  International Crisis Group

Unfulfilled Promises : Europe’s Joy and the Betrayal of Eritrea in the Wake of Fascist Defeat in World War II. - Modern DiplomacyUnfulfilled Promises : Europe’s Joy and the Betrayal of Eritrea in the Wake of Fascist Defeat in World War II.  Modern Diplomacy

Germany: Police raids target Eritrean terror group - DWGermany: Police raids target Eritrean terror group  DW

Five lessons from Eritrea’s self-reliance in an era of global aid cuts - TRT GlobalFive lessons from Eritrea’s self-reliance in an era of global aid cuts  TRT Global

Eritrea: Washington’s Surprising Partner in Africa’s Most Unstable Corner - Modern DiplomacyEritrea: Washington’s Surprising Partner in Africa’s Most Unstable Corner  Modern Diplomacy

Eritrea - General DebateEritrea  General Debate

Eritrea Releases 53 Yemeni Fishermen After Diplomatic Mediation - Yemen OnlineEritrea Releases 53 Yemeni Fishermen After Diplomatic Mediation  Yemen Online

Eritrea's conflicts also being fought out in Germany - DWEritrea's conflicts also being fought out in Germany  DW

Azerbaijan protests to Eritrea over detention of three vessels and crews - ReutersAzerbaijan protests to Eritrea over detention of three vessels and crews  Reuters

Factors influencing attrition among adults in HIV care at two referral hospitals in northern coastal Eritrea from 2005 to 2021 - NatureFactors influencing attrition among adults in HIV care at two referral hospitals in northern coastal Eritrea from 2005 to 2021  Nature

Ethiopia and Eritrea on path to war, Tigray officials warn - ReutersEthiopia and Eritrea on path to war, Tigray officials warn  Reuters

Stop the Next Ethiopia-Eritrea War Before It Begins - Foreign PolicyStop the Next Ethiopia-Eritrea War Before It Begins  Foreign Policy

Eritrea Confronted at the U.N. Over Rampant Human Rights Abuses - UN WatchEritrea Confronted at the U.N. Over Rampant Human Rights Abuses  UN Watch

Message of Congratulations from the Chairperson of the African Union Commission on the Occasion of Eritrea’s Independence Day - African UnionMessage of Congratulations from the Chairperson of the African Union Commission on the Occasion of Eritrea’s Independence Day  African Union

Can Eritrea’s mining sector flourish under autocratic rule? - bne IntelliNewsCan Eritrea’s mining sector flourish under autocratic rule?  bne IntelliNews

Madaxweynaha Eritrea: "Itoobiya waa in ay "diiradda saartaa dhibaatooyinkeeda gudaha halkii ay dagaal raadin lahayd" - BBCMadaxweynaha Eritrea: "Itoobiya waa in ay "diiradda saartaa dhibaatooyinkeeda gudaha halkii ay dagaal raadin lahayd"  BBC

Eritrea: Adopt a strong resolution extending the Special Rapporteur’s mandate - Global Centre for the Responsibility to ProtectEritrea: Adopt a strong resolution extending the Special Rapporteur’s mandate  Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect

‘It was almost a relief when someone died’: former prisoners on the torture and terror of Eritrea’s secret prisons - theguardian.com‘It was almost a relief when someone died’: former prisoners on the torture and terror of Eritrea’s secret prisons  theguardian.com

Eritrean, Somali leaders discuss stability amid regional tensions - VOA - Voice of America English NewsEritrean, Somali leaders discuss stability amid regional tensions  VOA - Voice of America English News

Can Eritrea Be a Force for Stability After Its Dictator’s Fall? - Middle East ForumCan Eritrea Be a Force for Stability After Its Dictator’s Fall?  Middle East Forum

New Ge‘ez Missal to serve unity among Ethiopian, Eritrean Catholics - Vatican NewsNew Ge‘ez Missal to serve unity among Ethiopian, Eritrean Catholics  Vatican News

Ethiopia and Eritrea, On a Collision Course - International Crisis GroupEthiopia and Eritrea, On a Collision Course  International Crisis Group

UN Human Rights Council 58: UK Statement at the Enhanced Interactive Dialogue on Eritrea - GOV.UKUN Human Rights Council 58: UK Statement at the Enhanced Interactive Dialogue on Eritrea  GOV.UK

Independent, Sovereign Eritrea Stays the Course - Black Agenda ReportIndependent, Sovereign Eritrea Stays the Course  Black Agenda Report

‘It’s a step towards hope’: a refugee’s journey from wartorn Eritrea to the London Marathon - theguardian.com‘It’s a step towards hope’: a refugee’s journey from wartorn Eritrea to the London Marathon  theguardian.com

Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Tigray are sleepwalking into war - Arab NewsEthiopia, Eritrea, and Tigray are sleepwalking into war  Arab News

Institute for the Study of War - Institute for the Study of WarInstitute for the Study of War  Institute for the Study of War

European Union in Eritrea – MD Africa visits Asmara - EEASEuropean Union in Eritrea – MD Africa visits Asmara  EEAS

Situation Report Horn of Africa: Eritrea tables motion to end Special Rapporteur mandate - IDN-InDepthNewsSituation Report Horn of Africa: Eritrea tables motion to end Special Rapporteur mandate  IDN-InDepthNews

Eritrea: President Isaias Afwerki Meets with High-Level Italian Delegation - ZAWYAEritrea: President Isaias Afwerki Meets with High-Level Italian Delegation  ZAWYA

Eritrea Has Become Iran's Proxy – and a Strategic Threat to Israel and the U.S. - HaaretzEritrea Has Become Iran's Proxy – and a Strategic Threat to Israel and the U.S.  Haaretz

Instrumentalizing Terror: The Long Arm of Transnational Repression in Eritrea and Algeria - African ArgumentsInstrumentalizing Terror: The Long Arm of Transnational Repression in Eritrea and Algeria  African Arguments

Ethiopia's Abiy rules out war with Eritrea over Red Sea access - ReutersEthiopia's Abiy rules out war with Eritrea over Red Sea access  Reuters

Eritrea Is the North Korea of Africa: America Must Act - American Enterprise InstituteEritrea Is the North Korea of Africa: America Must Act  American Enterprise Institute

Ethiopia, Eritrea forces commit sexual violence genocide against women, children - CHOSUNBIZ - ChosunbizEthiopia, Eritrea forces commit sexual violence genocide against women, children - CHOSUNBIZ  Chosunbiz