Eritrea

Country Eritrea
Capital Asmara
Continent Africa
Currency Nakfa(ERN)
Languages Tigrinya, Arabic & English

Information

Introduction

The UN awarded Eritrea to Ethiopia in 1952 as part of a federation. Ethiopia's annexation of Eritrea as a province 10 years later sparked a 30-year struggle for independence that ended in 1991 with Eritrean rebels defeating governmental forces; independence was overwhelmingly approved in a 1993 referendum. A two-and-a-half-year border war with Ethiopia that erupted in 1998 ended under UN auspices in December 2000. Eritrea hosted a UN peacekeeping operation that monitored a 25 km-wide Temporary Security Zone (TSZ) on the border with Ethiopia. Eritrea's denial of fuel to the mission caused the UN to withdraw the mission and terminate its mandate 31 July 2008. An international commission, organized to resolve the border dispute, posted its findings in 2002. However, both parties have been unable to reach agreement on implementing the decision. On 30 November 2007, the Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission remotely demarcated the border by coordinates and dissolved itself, leaving Ethiopia still occupying several tracts of disputed territory, including the town of Badme. Eritrea accepted the EEBC's "virtual demarcation" decision and called on Ethiopia to remove its troops from the TSZ that it states is Eritrean territory. Ethiopia has not accepted the virtual demarcation decision.

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References

Eritrea - Wikipedia
Eritrea - CIA World Fact Book
Eritrea - BBC
Eritrea - Timeline - BBC

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Egypt affirms support for Eritrea’s sovereignty, territorial integrity amid tension with Ethiopia over sea access - Middle East MonitorEgypt affirms support for Eritrea’s sovereignty, territorial integrity amid tension with Ethiopia over sea access  Middle East Monitor

Ethiopia's PM Abiy Ahmed Calls for International Mediation With Eritrea | Firstpost America - FirstpostEthiopia's PM Abiy Ahmed Calls for International Mediation With Eritrea | Firstpost America  Firstpost

Ethiopia accuses Eritrea of preparing for war as Red Sea tensions rise - BBCEthiopia accuses Eritrea of preparing for war as Red Sea tensions rise  BBC

President El-Sisi meets President of Eritrea Afwerki - ?????? ?????? ???????????President El-Sisi meets President of Eritrea Afwerki  ?????? ?????? ???????????

Eritrea: President Isaias Afwerki Meets South African Deputy Minister - Africa24 TVEritrea: President Isaias Afwerki Meets South African Deputy Minister  Africa24 TV

Ethiopia claims Eritrea is readying to ‘wage war’ against it - Al JazeeraEthiopia claims Eritrea is readying to ‘wage war’ against it  Al Jazeera

El-Sisi welcomes Afwerki for GEM opening, affirms support to Eritrea’s sovereignty - Egypt TodayEl-Sisi welcomes Afwerki for GEM opening, affirms support to Eritrea’s sovereignty  Egypt Today

Eritrea condemns Ethiopia's 'provocative sabre-rattling' - Times of IndiaEritrea condemns Ethiopia's 'provocative sabre-rattling'  Times of India

Heated Rhetoric Raises Specter of Renewed War in Horn of Africa - Africa Defense ForumHeated Rhetoric Raises Specter of Renewed War in Horn of Africa  Africa Defense Forum

Ethiopia’s Abiy Seeks Mediation to Ease Tensions With Eritrea - Bloomberg.comEthiopia’s Abiy Seeks Mediation to Ease Tensions With Eritrea  Bloomberg.com

President Sisi stresses Egypt’s firm support for Eritrea’s sovereignty, territorial integrity - Egyptian GazettePresident Sisi stresses Egypt’s firm support for Eritrea’s sovereignty, territorial integrity  Egyptian Gazette

Ethiopia seeks international mediation with Eritrea - TRT WorldEthiopia seeks international mediation with Eritrea  TRT World

Eritrea - Welcome to the United NationsEritrea  Welcome to the United Nations

Egypt’s Sisi, Eritrea’s Afwerki discuss Red Sea security, regional stability - DNE AfricaEgypt’s Sisi, Eritrea’s Afwerki discuss Red Sea security, regional stability  DNE Africa

News: #PM_Abiy says no official record exists on decision that made #Ethiopia landlocked, links tensions with #Eritrea to Pretoria Agreement Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed told members of the House of People’s Representatives on Tuesday that there is “no offici - facebook.comNews: #PM_Abiy says no official record exists on decision that made #Ethiopia landlocked, links tensions with #Eritrea to Pretoria Agreement Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed told members of the House of People’s Representatives on Tuesday that there is “no offici  facebook.com

2024 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Eritrea - U.S. Department of State (.gov)2024 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Eritrea  U.S. Department of State (.gov)

As Sudan Burns, Egypt and Eritrea Renew Strategic Alliance to Face Shifting Winds in the Horn of Africa - Garowe OnlineAs Sudan Burns, Egypt and Eritrea Renew Strategic Alliance to Face Shifting Winds in the Horn of Africa  Garowe Online

Egypt committed to supporting Eritrea’s sovereignty and territorial integrity: El-Sisi - Foreign Affairs - Egypt - Ahram OnlineEgypt committed to supporting Eritrea’s sovereignty and territorial integrity: El-Sisi - Foreign Affairs - Egypt  Ahram Online

Africa’s most secretive dictatorship faces an existential crisis - The EconomistAfrica’s most secretive dictatorship faces an existential crisis  The Economist

Ethiopia Seeks "International Mediation" With Eritrea Over Red Sea Access| Firstpost Africa - FirstpostEthiopia Seeks "International Mediation" With Eritrea Over Red Sea Access| Firstpost Africa  Firstpost

Ethiopia seeks mediation to ease escalating rift with Eritrea - Business Insider AfricaEthiopia seeks mediation to ease escalating rift with Eritrea  Business Insider Africa

President Isaias, #South_Africa’s deputy foreign Minister discuss enhancing bilateral relations in #Asmara President Isaias Afwerki met yesterday at Adi Halo with Anna Thandi Moraka, South Africa’s Deputy Minister of International Relations and Cooperation, - facebook.comPresident Isaias, #South_Africa’s deputy foreign Minister discuss enhancing bilateral relations in #Asmara President Isaias Afwerki met yesterday at Adi Halo with Anna Thandi Moraka, South Africa’s Deputy Minister of International Relations and Cooperation,  facebook.com

Itoobiya ma ka noqon kartaa aqoonsigii madax-bannaanida ee ay siisay Eritrea? - BBCItoobiya ma ka noqon kartaa aqoonsigii madax-bannaanida ee ay siisay Eritrea?  BBC

The Risk of a New Ethiopian-Eritrean War Is Growing - Genocide WatchThe Risk of a New Ethiopian-Eritrean War Is Growing  Genocide Watch

Eritrea: Dawit Isaak arbitrarily detained for 24 years without trial — and information on his whereabouts - Reporters sans frontièresEritrea: Dawit Isaak arbitrarily detained for 24 years without trial — and information on his whereabouts  Reporters sans frontières

News: #Eritrean forces blamed for majority of nearly USD 11 billion destruction in #Tigray’s social sector - CITG report The Commission of Inquiry on Tigray Genocide (#CITG) has released a comprehensive report estimating that the war in Tigray caused USD - facebook.comNews: #Eritrean forces blamed for majority of nearly USD 11 billion destruction in #Tigray’s social sector - CITG report The Commission of Inquiry on Tigray Genocide (#CITG) has released a comprehensive report estimating that the war in Tigray caused USD  facebook.com

Ethiopia calls for international mediation with Eritrea over sea access - TRT AfrikaEthiopia calls for international mediation with Eritrea over sea access  TRT Afrika

This African country has no mobile internet access; here’s the surprising truth behind its digital blacko - Times of IndiaThis African country has no mobile internet access; here’s the surprising truth behind its digital blacko  Times of India

UN rights council rejects Eritrea’s bid to end human rights investigation - Al JazeeraUN rights council rejects Eritrea’s bid to end human rights investigation  Al Jazeera

The Horn of Africa’s Reset: Eritrea-Ethiopia Rift Threatens Wider Instability - orfonline.orgThe Horn of Africa’s Reset: Eritrea-Ethiopia Rift Threatens Wider Instability  orfonline.org

Eritrean President Begins Five-Day Visit to Egypt - Dawan AfricaEritrean President Begins Five-Day Visit to Egypt  Dawan Africa

UN Rights Council Rejects Bad-Faith Bid to End Eritrea Scrutiny - Human Rights WatchUN Rights Council Rejects Bad-Faith Bid to End Eritrea Scrutiny  Human Rights Watch

Eritrea Participates at the African Commission on Human and People’s Rights - ZAWYAEritrea Participates at the African Commission on Human and People’s Rights  ZAWYA

Eritrea: Meeting on Implementation of Development Programs - ZAWYAEritrea: Meeting on Implementation of Development Programs  ZAWYA

The Red Sea Dilemma: How Ethiopia and Eritrea Can Rise Together or Sink Alone - The HabeshaThe Red Sea Dilemma: How Ethiopia and Eritrea Can Rise Together or Sink Alone  The Habesha

Eritrea National Day - U.S. Department of State (.gov)Eritrea National Day  U.S. Department of State (.gov)

Back from the brink: How European support could prevent another Ethiopia-Eritrea war - European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR)Back from the brink: How European support could prevent another Ethiopia-Eritrea war  European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR)

After months of rising tension, Ethiopia has accused Eritrea of preparing for a military offensive, raising fears of renewed conflict in the Horn of Africa. What's driving the dispute and why is it significant? - facebook.comAfter months of rising tension, Ethiopia has accused Eritrea of preparing for a military offensive, raising fears of renewed conflict in the Horn of Africa. What's driving the dispute and why is it significant?  facebook.com

Human Rights Council Members Should Reject Eritrea’s Bid to End Scrutiny - Human Rights WatchHuman Rights Council Members Should Reject Eritrea’s Bid to End Scrutiny  Human Rights Watch

Sudan-Eritrea Cooperation: Why Are Khartoum and Asmara Boosting Security and Economic Ties? - DNE AfricaSudan-Eritrea Cooperation: Why Are Khartoum and Asmara Boosting Security and Economic Ties?  DNE Africa

Transforming dust: How Eritrea’s dams are revitalizing the land - African Development Bank GroupTransforming dust: How Eritrea’s dams are revitalizing the land  African Development Bank Group

Fluid relations as Addis seeks sea route via Eritrea - The EastAfricanFluid relations as Addis seeks sea route via Eritrea  The EastAfrican

Sudan’s Burhan arrives in Turkey on heels of Eritrea visit, key victories - AL-MonitorSudan’s Burhan arrives in Turkey on heels of Eritrea visit, key victories  AL-Monitor

Sudan Nashra: Military moves warplanes to Eritrea, strikes Nyala, opens new front in North Kordofan | UAE engages Sudan via Cairo, Addis Ababa | Hemedti renews accusations against Egypt, threatens to strike north - ??? ???Sudan Nashra: Military moves warplanes to Eritrea, strikes Nyala, opens new front in North Kordofan | UAE engages Sudan via Cairo, Addis Ababa | Hemedti renews accusations against Egypt, threatens to strike north  ??? ???

Eritrea - Minister for Foreign Affairs Addresses General Debate, 80th Session - UN MediaEritrea - Minister for Foreign Affairs Addresses General Debate, 80th Session  UN Media

Congress of Swiss Branch of NUEW - Eritrea Ministry Of InformationCongress of Swiss Branch of NUEW  Eritrea Ministry Of Information

A dangerous frenemy: Averting a showdown between Eritrea and Ethiopia - ClingendaelA dangerous frenemy: Averting a showdown between Eritrea and Ethiopia  Clingendael

Year of Impact: Eritrea’s Resident Coordinator on Turning Challenge into Change - United Nations Sustainable Development GroupYear of Impact: Eritrea’s Resident Coordinator on Turning Challenge into Change  United Nations Sustainable Development Group

Eritrea's Natnael Tesfatsion seeking place at cycling's top table - Olympics.comEritrea's Natnael Tesfatsion seeking place at cycling's top table  Olympics.com

Are Ethiopia and Eritrea hurtling towards war? - Al JazeeraAre Ethiopia and Eritrea hurtling towards war?  Al Jazeera

UK court clears the way for deportation of Eritrean asylum seeker - Al JazeeraUK court clears the way for deportation of Eritrean asylum seeker  Al Jazeera

Trial against alleged Eritrean trafficker ‘Walid’ will start in The Netherlands on 3 November - IDN-InDepthNewsTrial against alleged Eritrean trafficker ‘Walid’ will start in The Netherlands on 3 November  IDN-InDepthNews

Away from the global spotlight, Eritreans are trapped in a garrison state - Al JazeeraAway from the global spotlight, Eritreans are trapped in a garrison state  Al Jazeera

Eritrea slams Ethiopian ‘saber-rattling’ over Red Sea bizarre ambitions - DNE AfricaEritrea slams Ethiopian ‘saber-rattling’ over Red Sea bizarre ambitions  DNE Africa

Minister for Foreign Affairs of Eritrea Addresses 80th Session of General Assembly Debate - UN MediaMinister for Foreign Affairs of Eritrea Addresses 80th Session of General Assembly Debate  UN Media

Public Awareness on Safe Use of Medicines - Eritrea Ministry Of InformationPublic Awareness on Safe Use of Medicines  Eritrea Ministry Of Information

A look at Eritrea's role as new Tigray war looms in Ethiopia - dw.comA look at Eritrea's role as new Tigray war looms in Ethiopia  dw.com

Are Eritrea and Ethiopia already at war? - Pan African ReviewAre Eritrea and Ethiopia already at war?  Pan African Review

Ethiopia Could Still Avert the Next War With Eritrea - Foreign PolicyEthiopia Could Still Avert the Next War With Eritrea  Foreign Policy

Safe Medicines: Safe Community - National Medicines Safety Week 2025 - Eritrea Ministry Of InformationSafe Medicines: Safe Community - National Medicines Safety Week 2025  Eritrea Ministry Of Information

Ethiopia-Eritrea: People embrace at the border demanding peace - BBCEthiopia-Eritrea: People embrace at the border demanding peace  BBC

The UN Human Rights Council must renew mandate of Special Rapporteur on Eritrea - Amnesty InternationalThe UN Human Rights Council must renew mandate of Special Rapporteur on Eritrea  Amnesty International

UNHCR Sudan - Eritrean Refugees in Sudan Dashboard as of 30 September 2025 - ReliefWebUNHCR Sudan - Eritrean Refugees in Sudan Dashboard as of 30 September 2025  ReliefWeb

Highlights from the Crisis Response Initiative in Eritrea - IFADHighlights from the Crisis Response Initiative in Eritrea  IFAD

Ethiopia accuses Eritrea of preparing to wage war against it - africanews.comEthiopia accuses Eritrea of preparing to wage war against it  africanews.com

Strategies for integrating residential PV and wind energy in Eritrea’s electricity grid by imposing feed-in constraints in low voltage network - ScienceDirect.comStrategies for integrating residential PV and wind energy in Eritrea’s electricity grid by imposing feed-in constraints in low voltage network  ScienceDirect.com

CPJ, 31 others call for UN scrutiny of Eritrea’s human rights record - Committee to Protect JournalistsCPJ, 31 others call for UN scrutiny of Eritrea’s human rights record  Committee to Protect Journalists

The Red Sea Trading Corporation: The Financial Machinery of Eritrea's Authoritarian Regime - horn reviewThe Red Sea Trading Corporation: The Financial Machinery of Eritrea's Authoritarian Regime  horn review

Power struggle leads to coup in Tigray as war looms between Ethiopia and Eritrea - The GuardianPower struggle leads to coup in Tigray as war looms between Ethiopia and Eritrea  The Guardian

Power and Plunder - thesentry.orgPower and Plunder  thesentry.org

Digital 2025: Eritrea - DataReportal – Global Digital InsightsDigital 2025: Eritrea  DataReportal – Global Digital Insights

Tensions in Tigray could spark war between Ethiopia and Eritrea – disaster must be avoided - Chatham HouseTensions in Tigray could spark war between Ethiopia and Eritrea – disaster must be avoided  Chatham House

Eritrea’s Independence Was Earned, Not Granted - Eritrea Ministry Of InformationEritrea’s Independence Was Earned, Not Granted  Eritrea Ministry Of Information

Eritrea: We Won’t Kneel Down - Black Agenda ReportEritrea: We Won’t Kneel Down  Black Agenda Report

Desert to Power: The African Development Bank Group, Eritrea sign agreement for 12 MW mini-grid project - African Development Bank GroupDesert to Power: The African Development Bank Group, Eritrea sign agreement for 12 MW mini-grid project  African Development Bank Group

Eritrea seeks to end mandate of UN expert investigating abuses, document shows - ReutersEritrea seeks to end mandate of UN expert investigating abuses, document shows  Reuters

Rising tensions in the Horn of Africa - GIS ReportsRising tensions in the Horn of Africa  GIS Reports

Beyond Economics: The Political Prerequisites of Ethiopia–Eritrea Cooperation - BorkenaBeyond Economics: The Political Prerequisites of Ethiopia–Eritrea Cooperation  Borkena

Red Sea Afar Democratic Organization (RSADO) says it has started operation Against Eritrea - BorkenaRed Sea Afar Democratic Organization (RSADO) says it has started operation Against Eritrea  Borkena

Time to Sanction Eritrea – Again - Modern DiplomacyTime to Sanction Eritrea – Again  Modern Diplomacy

To avoid another conflict in the Horn of Africa, now is the time to act - Al JazeeraTo avoid another conflict in the Horn of Africa, now is the time to act  Al Jazeera

World Report 2025: Rights Trends in Eritrea - Human Rights WatchWorld Report 2025: Rights Trends in Eritrea  Human Rights Watch

Authoritarian Ambitions and Regional Instability: The Looming War between Ethiopia-Eritrea - Modern DiplomacyAuthoritarian Ambitions and Regional Instability: The Looming War between Ethiopia-Eritrea  Modern Diplomacy

Severe Repression in Eritrea Has Prompted Decades of Exodus - migrationpolicy.orgSevere Repression in Eritrea Has Prompted Decades of Exodus  migrationpolicy.org

Tensions Rise as Ethiopia, Eritrea Threaten War - Africa Defense ForumTensions Rise as Ethiopia, Eritrea Threaten War  Africa Defense Forum

The Afar Question, Eritrea’s Secession and the Geopolitics of Ethiopia’s Lost Coast - horn reviewThe Afar Question, Eritrea’s Secession and the Geopolitics of Ethiopia’s Lost Coast  horn review

Eritrean President Isaias Afwerki: Three decades, one leader - how independence hopes were dashed - BBCEritrean President Isaias Afwerki: Three decades, one leader - how independence hopes were dashed  BBC

Ethiopia’s maritime ambition ‘historical, legal, existential’ – PM - APAnews - Agence de Presse AfricaineEthiopia’s maritime ambition ‘historical, legal, existential’ – PM  APAnews - Agence de Presse Africaine

Ethiopian foreign minister accuses Eritrea of ‘actively preparing to wage war’ - The Africa Report.comEthiopian foreign minister accuses Eritrea of ‘actively preparing to wage war’  The Africa Report.com

Declaration of Free from Female Genital Mutilation - Eritrea Ministry Of InformationDeclaration of Free from Female Genital Mutilation  Eritrea Ministry Of Information

Crackdown in Quatit: Arrests and Isolation Deepen Tensions in Southern Eritrea - IDN-InDepthNewsCrackdown in Quatit: Arrests and Isolation Deepen Tensions in Southern Eritrea  IDN-InDepthNews

Atrocity Alert No. 445: Sudan, Syria and Eritrea - Global Centre for the Responsibility to ProtectAtrocity Alert No. 445: Sudan, Syria and Eritrea  Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect

Eritrea’s Cruel Imprisonment of Two Sisters Over the Age of 80 Reaches One-Year Mark - JW.ORGEritrea’s Cruel Imprisonment of Two Sisters Over the Age of 80 Reaches One-Year Mark  JW.ORG

Ethiopia rules out conflict with Eritrea over Red Sea access - Al JazeeraEthiopia rules out conflict with Eritrea over Red Sea access  Al Jazeera

Ethiopia’s Dangerous Descent: The Road to War with Eritrea After the Siege of Tigray - Modern DiplomacyEthiopia’s Dangerous Descent: The Road to War with Eritrea After the Siege of Tigray  Modern Diplomacy

Ex-TIA Chief Claims Eritrea “Has No Intention” To Wage War - The Reporter EthiopiaEx-TIA Chief Claims Eritrea “Has No Intention” To Wage War  The Reporter Ethiopia

Why Eritrea and Cameroon refuse to recognize Palestine while the rest of Africa does - Al Arabiya EnglishWhy Eritrea and Cameroon refuse to recognize Palestine while the rest of Africa does  Al Arabiya English

Exploring the Gender Wage Gap in Eritrea - The Borgen ProjectExploring the Gender Wage Gap in Eritrea  The Borgen Project

Indefinite Instability: Rule of Law in Eritrea - The Borgen ProjectIndefinite Instability: Rule of Law in Eritrea  The Borgen Project

Explainer: Why are Ethiopia and Eritrea on the brink of a possible war? - ReutersExplainer: Why are Ethiopia and Eritrea on the brink of a possible war?  Reuters