Bosnia and Herzegovina

Country Bosnia and Herzegovina
Capital Sarajevo
Continent Europe
Currency Convertible Mark(BAM)
Languages Bosnian, Croatian & Serbian

Information

Introduction

Bosnia and Herzegovina's declaration of sovereignty in October 1991 was followed by a declaration of independence from the former Yugoslavia on 3 March 1992 after a referendum boycotted by ethnic Serbs. The Bosnian Serbs - supported by neighboring Serbia and Montenegro - responded with armed resistance aimed at partitioning the republic along ethnic lines and joining Serb-held areas to form a "Greater Serbia." In March 1994, Bosniaks and Croats reduced the number of warring factions from three to two by signing an agreement creating a joint Bosniak/Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. On 21 November 1995, in Dayton, Ohio, the warring parties initialed a peace agreement that brought to a halt three years of interethnic civil strife (the final agreement was signed in Paris on 14 December 1995). The Dayton Peace Accords retained Bosnia and Herzegovina's international boundaries and created a multi-ethnic and democratic government charged with conducting foreign, diplomatic, and fiscal policy. Also recognized was a second tier of government composed of two entities roughly equal in size: the Bosniak/Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska (RS). The Federation and RS governments were charged with overseeing most government functions. The Dayton Accords also established the Office of the High Representative (OHR) to oversee the implementation of the civilian aspects of the agreement. The Peace Implementation Council (PIC) at its conference in Bonn in 1997 also gave the High Representative the authority to impose legislation and remove officials, the so-called "Bonn Powers." In 1995-96, a NATO-led international peacekeeping force (IFOR) of 60,000 troops served in Bosnia to implement and monitor the military aspects of the agreement. IFOR was succeeded by a smaller, NATO-led Stabilization Force (SFOR) whose mission was to deter renewed hostilities. European Union peacekeeping troops (EUFOR) replaced SFOR in December 2004; their mission is to maintain peace and stability throughout the country. EUFOR's mission changed from peacekeeping to civil policing in October 2007, with its presence reduced from nearly 7,000 to less than 2,500 troops. Troop strength at the end of 2009 stood at roughly 2,000. In January 2010, Bosnia and Herzegovina assumed a nonpermanent seat on the UN Security Council for the 2010-11 term.

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References

Bosnia and Herzegovina - Wikipedia
Bosnia and Herzegovina - CIA World Fact Book
Bosnia and Herzegovina - BBC
Bosnia and Herzegovina - Timeline - BBC

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Bosnia and Herzegovina in crisis as Bosnian-Serb president rallies for secession - The ConversationBosnia and Herzegovina in crisis as Bosnian-Serb president rallies for secession  The Conversation

Bosnia and Herzegovina’s ’B+/B’ ratings affirmed by S&P Global - Investing.com IndiaBosnia and Herzegovina’s ’B+/B’ ratings affirmed by S&P Global  Investing.com India

Country Reports on Terrorism 2023: Bosnia and Herzegovina - U.S. Department of State (.gov)Country Reports on Terrorism 2023: Bosnia and Herzegovina  U.S. Department of State (.gov)

Court Ruling May Open Path for Bosnia and Herzegovina’s Return to Eurovision - ESCXTRA.com -Court Ruling May Open Path for Bosnia and Herzegovina’s Return to Eurovision  ESCXTRA.com -

New Roads Boost Jobs, Connectivity, and Growth in Bosnia and Herzegovina - World BankNew Roads Boost Jobs, Connectivity, and Growth in Bosnia and Herzegovina  World Bank

Bosnia, 30 years on: the looming crisis in the Balkans - Financial TimesBosnia, 30 years on: the looming crisis in the Balkans  Financial Times

Bosnia and Herzegovina: One step closer to a Eurovision comeback - eurovisionfun.comBosnia and Herzegovina: One step closer to a Eurovision comeback  eurovisionfun.com

Apple Pay launches in Bosnia - report - SeeNewsApple Pay launches in Bosnia - report  SeeNews

2025 News items - Members advance Bosnia and Herzegovina's WTO accession negotiations closer to conclusion - World Trade Organization2025 News items - Members advance Bosnia and Herzegovina's WTO accession negotiations closer to conclusion  World Trade Organization

Security Council urged to stand firm as Bosnia and Herzegovina faces deepening crisis - UN NewsSecurity Council urged to stand firm as Bosnia and Herzegovina faces deepening crisis  UN News

US Tariffs to Hit Serbia, Bosnia Hardest in Balkans, Trump Confirms - Balkan InsightUS Tariffs to Hit Serbia, Bosnia Hardest in Balkans, Trump Confirms  Balkan Insight

A Matter of Choice: Reimagining Development in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Age of AI - UNDPA Matter of Choice: Reimagining Development in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Age of AI  UNDP

Minister for Foreign Affairs visits Bosnia and Herzegovina - Government.seMinister for Foreign Affairs visits Bosnia and Herzegovina  Government.se

Fifty Young People from the Region Attend the 3rd ‘State of Peace’ Academy - EEASFifty Young People from the Region Attend the 3rd ‘State of Peace’ Academy  EEAS

The ACN welcomes Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina as new members of its peer review mechanism - OECDThe ACN welcomes Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina as new members of its peer review mechanism  OECD

Can people afford to pay for health care? New analysis sheds light on financial protection in Bosnia and Herzegovina - World Health Organization (WHO)Can people afford to pay for health care? New analysis sheds light on financial protection in Bosnia and Herzegovina  World Health Organization (WHO)

Bosnia & Herzegovina: Supreme Court of Republika Srpska Rules in Favour of BHRT - EurovoixBosnia & Herzegovina: Supreme Court of Republika Srpska Rules in Favour of BHRT  Eurovoix

Bosnia's Energoinvest doubles net profit y/y in H1 - SeeNewsBosnia's Energoinvest doubles net profit y/y in H1  SeeNews

Bosnia stock indices end week mixed amid lower turnover - SeeNewsBosnia stock indices end week mixed amid lower turnover  SeeNews

Collaboration is key to successful land management in Bosnia and Herzegovina - Food and Agriculture OrganizationCollaboration is key to successful land management in Bosnia and Herzegovina  Food and Agriculture Organization

News: NATO and Bosnia and Herzegovina boost practical cooperation, 10-Jun.-2025 - NATO - HomepageNews: NATO and Bosnia and Herzegovina boost practical cooperation, 10-Jun.-2025  NATO - Homepage

Bosnia’s Top Court Confirms Serb Leader Dodik’s One-Year Prison Sentence - Balkan InsightBosnia’s Top Court Confirms Serb Leader Dodik’s One-Year Prison Sentence  Balkan Insight

An Earthquake strikes Herzegovina - Sarajevo TimesAn Earthquake strikes Herzegovina  Sarajevo Times

Greta Thunberg Announces Upcoming Visit to Bosnia and Herzegovina - Sarajevo TimesGreta Thunberg Announces Upcoming Visit to Bosnia and Herzegovina  Sarajevo Times

Thirty years after Srebrenica, is Bosnia and Herzegovina a viable state? - European Consortium for Political Research (ECPR)Thirty years after Srebrenica, is Bosnia and Herzegovina a viable state?  European Consortium for Political Research (ECPR)

Bosnia and Herzegovina: further progress needed in implementing anti-corruption recommendations - The Council of EuropeBosnia and Herzegovina: further progress needed in implementing anti-corruption recommendations  The Council of Europe

Bosnia and Herzegovina—Country Climate and Development Report - World BankBosnia and Herzegovina—Country Climate and Development Report  World Bank

Bosnia and Herzegovina: Heightened tensions and destabilising risks after Serb entity’s leader is sentenced to jail and barred from politics - CredendoBosnia and Herzegovina: Heightened tensions and destabilising risks after Serb entity’s leader is sentenced to jail and barred from politics  Credendo

Forest restoration restores ecosystems and strengthens rural communities in Bosnia and Herzegovina - Food and Agriculture OrganizationForest restoration restores ecosystems and strengthens rural communities in Bosnia and Herzegovina  Food and Agriculture Organization

Earthquake Shakes Bosnia and Herzegovina Near Mostar, Felt in Croatia - The Dubrovnik TimesEarthquake Shakes Bosnia and Herzegovina Near Mostar, Felt in Croatia  The Dubrovnik Times

Bosnia and Herzegovina | Who Owns Agricultural Land? - ARC2020Bosnia and Herzegovina | Who Owns Agricultural Land?  ARC2020

Bosnia and Herzegovina: advancing health reform with a focus on community-based primary health care - World Health Organization (WHO)Bosnia and Herzegovina: advancing health reform with a focus on community-based primary health care  World Health Organization (WHO)

Can Bosnia and Herzegovina “survive” after the top court ruling against Milorad Dodik? - European Western BalkansCan Bosnia and Herzegovina “survive” after the top court ruling against Milorad Dodik?  European Western Balkans

Bilateral Relations Between India and Bosnia & Herzegovina - India BriefingBilateral Relations Between India and Bosnia & Herzegovina  India Briefing

Bosnia and Herzegovina Urged to Strengthen Efforts Against Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing - The Council of EuropeBosnia and Herzegovina Urged to Strengthen Efforts Against Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing  The Council of Europe

Bosnia and Herzegovina ratifies the 2019 Global Convention on the - UNESCOBosnia and Herzegovina ratifies the 2019 Global Convention on the  UNESCO

Bosnia-Herzegovina - EBRDBosnia-Herzegovina  EBRD

Bosnia and Herzegovina urged to strengthen efforts against money laundering and terrorist financing - The Council of EuropeBosnia and Herzegovina urged to strengthen efforts against money laundering and terrorist financing  The Council of Europe

What’s behind the political crisis in Bosnia Herzegovina? - Al JazeeraWhat’s behind the political crisis in Bosnia Herzegovina?  Al Jazeera

Rebuilding Trust, One Municipality at a Time in Bosnia and Herzegovina - Welcome to the United NationsRebuilding Trust, One Municipality at a Time in Bosnia and Herzegovina  Welcome to the United Nations

Digital 2025: Bosnia And Herzegovina - DataReportal – Global Digital InsightsDigital 2025: Bosnia And Herzegovina  DataReportal – Global Digital Insights

Revisited - Thirty years after end of war in Bosnia-Herzegovina, tensions remain - France 24Revisited - Thirty years after end of war in Bosnia-Herzegovina, tensions remain  France 24

Listen to the Future: World Children's Day Celebrated in Bosnia and Herzegovina - UnicefListen to the Future: World Children's Day Celebrated in Bosnia and Herzegovina  Unicef

World Report 2025: Bosnia and Herzegovina - Human Rights WatchWorld Report 2025: Bosnia and Herzegovina  Human Rights Watch

GRETA carries out fourth evaluation visit to Bosnia and Herzegovina - The Council of EuropeGRETA carries out fourth evaluation visit to Bosnia and Herzegovina  The Council of Europe

Why Bosnia has Europe on edge again - DWWhy Bosnia has Europe on edge again  DW

In Bosnia and Herzegovina, stone treasures, canyons and cypress trees await - Le Monde.frIn Bosnia and Herzegovina, stone treasures, canyons and cypress trees await  Le Monde.fr

Bosnia and Herzegovina - consilium.europa.euBosnia and Herzegovina  consilium.europa.eu

Serbian-American ‘Trumpocrat’ Boosts Bosnia’s Dodik on Social Media - Balkan InsightSerbian-American ‘Trumpocrat’ Boosts Bosnia’s Dodik on Social Media  Balkan Insight

Bosnia and Herzegovina: 30th anniversary of Srebrenica massacre “a painful reminder from history” - Amnesty InternationalBosnia and Herzegovina: 30th anniversary of Srebrenica massacre “a painful reminder from history”  Amnesty International

Bosnia and Herzegovina relives the trauma of Srebrenica 30 years after the genocide - EL PAÍS EnglishBosnia and Herzegovina relives the trauma of Srebrenica 30 years after the genocide  EL PAÍS English

2024 News items - WTO delegation visits Bosnia and Herzegovina to advance accession negotiations - World Trade Organization2024 News items - WTO delegation visits Bosnia and Herzegovina to advance accession negotiations  World Trade Organization

Grand Chamber conclusions in a case concerning Bosnia and Herzegovina - ECHRGrand Chamber conclusions in a case concerning Bosnia and Herzegovina  ECHR

Bosnia's NLB Banka Sarajevo net profit flattish in H1 - SeeNewsBosnia's NLB Banka Sarajevo net profit flattish in H1  SeeNews

Bosnia and Herzegovina - General DebateBosnia and Herzegovina  General Debate

Constitutional Standoff in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Drama in Four Acts (So Far) - ConstitutionNetConstitutional Standoff in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Drama in Four Acts (So Far)  ConstitutionNet

Thirty years after the Srebrenica genocide, Bosnia and Herzegovina remains a land suspended between memory and oblivion - New Eastern EuropeThirty years after the Srebrenica genocide, Bosnia and Herzegovina remains a land suspended between memory and oblivion  New Eastern Europe

Religious communities in Bosnia and Herzegovina unite to promote interreligious dialogue and tolerance - The Council of EuropeReligious communities in Bosnia and Herzegovina unite to promote interreligious dialogue and tolerance  The Council of Europe

Bosnian Serb leader Milorad Dodik's new laws spark major political crisis - Euronews.comBosnian Serb leader Milorad Dodik's new laws spark major political crisis  Euronews.com

How Bosnia and Herzegovina’s National Parks Are Becoming Beacons of Resilience - UNDPHow Bosnia and Herzegovina’s National Parks Are Becoming Beacons of Resilience  UNDP

What’s at stake for Bosnia and Herzegovina as Milorad Dodik faces a political reckoning? - Atlantic CouncilWhat’s at stake for Bosnia and Herzegovina as Milorad Dodik faces a political reckoning?  Atlantic Council

‘Worst-Case Scenario’: Fears Grow Among Post-War Returnees in Bosnia - Balkan Insight‘Worst-Case Scenario’: Fears Grow Among Post-War Returnees in Bosnia  Balkan Insight

Election administration in Bosnia and Herzegovina proposes steps for improving election process based on lessons learned in 2024 - The Council of EuropeElection administration in Bosnia and Herzegovina proposes steps for improving election process based on lessons learned in 2024  The Council of Europe

Bosnia in Deadlock as Serbs Strain for Exit - International Crisis GroupBosnia in Deadlock as Serbs Strain for Exit  International Crisis Group

Bosnian Volleyball Players defeat Serbia to reach European Championship Final! - Sarajevo TimesBosnian Volleyball Players defeat Serbia to reach European Championship Final!  Sarajevo Times

Bosnia in 2025: New Year, New Political Crisis - Balkan InsightBosnia in 2025: New Year, New Political Crisis  Balkan Insight

Launch in Bosnia and Herzegovina of the CEPEJ-HELP online training course on the quality of justice - The Council of EuropeLaunch in Bosnia and Herzegovina of the CEPEJ-HELP online training course on the quality of justice  The Council of Europe

Bosnian appeals court upholds prison sentence, political ban on Serb entity President Dodik - Anadolu AjansiBosnian appeals court upholds prison sentence, political ban on Serb entity President Dodik  Anadolu Ajansi

Bosnia under threat: Strategic Islamophobia and legitimized oversight | Daily Sabah - Daily SabahBosnia under threat: Strategic Islamophobia and legitimized oversight | Daily Sabah  Daily Sabah

Embracing One Health for Sustainable Development in Bosnia and Herzegovina - Food and Agriculture OrganizationEmbracing One Health for Sustainable Development in Bosnia and Herzegovina  Food and Agriculture Organization

Bosnian Serb police raid federal office as tensions escalate - DWBosnian Serb police raid federal office as tensions escalate  DW

Dr. Nedim Hogic on Corruption and Foreign Influence in Bosnia and Herzegovina - Georgetown Journal of International AffairsDr. Nedim Hogic on Corruption and Foreign Influence in Bosnia and Herzegovina  Georgetown Journal of International Affairs

Croatia is pushing for Bosnia's EU membership — PM Plenkovic - Euronews.comCroatia is pushing for Bosnia's EU membership — PM Plenkovic  Euronews.com

Bosnia and Herzegovina’s Trebinje Emerges as the Ultimate Hidden Gem with Rich History, Breathtaking Landscapes, and Authentic European Charm - Travel And Tour WorldBosnia and Herzegovina’s Trebinje Emerges as the Ultimate Hidden Gem with Rich History, Breathtaking Landscapes, and Authentic European Charm  Travel And Tour World

Party for Bosnia and Herzegovina: We call on Aleksandar Vucic to stop the torture of Bosniaks in Sandžak - Gazeta ExpressParty for Bosnia and Herzegovina: We call on Aleksandar Vucic to stop the torture of Bosniaks in Sandžak  Gazeta Express

How Trump Could Fix Bosnia’s Flawed Peace Deal - Balkan InsightHow Trump Could Fix Bosnia’s Flawed Peace Deal  Balkan Insight

Food in Bosnia and Herzegovina: A need, a love, a connection, and a sense of belonging - Global VoicesFood in Bosnia and Herzegovina: A need, a love, a connection, and a sense of belonging  Global Voices

Bosnia and Herzegovina: The authorities of Republika Srpska should repeal the “foreign agent” law - The Council of EuropeBosnia and Herzegovina: The authorities of Republika Srpska should repeal the “foreign agent” law  The Council of Europe

Bosnia and Herzegovina - Congress of Local and Regional Authorities - The Council of EuropeBosnia and Herzegovina - Congress of Local and Regional Authorities  The Council of Europe

Empowering Women Human Rights Defenders in Bosnia and Herzegovina - UN Women Europe and Central AsiaEmpowering Women Human Rights Defenders in Bosnia and Herzegovina  UN Women Europe and Central Asia

Police officers in Bosnia and Herzegovina gain vital skills to recognise, prevent, and combat digital violence against women - The Council of EuropePolice officers in Bosnia and Herzegovina gain vital skills to recognise, prevent, and combat digital violence against women  The Council of Europe

Bosnia and Herzegovina's Contributions to Global Environmental Agendas - UNDPBosnia and Herzegovina's Contributions to Global Environmental Agendas  UNDP

OSCE Chairperson-in-Office Valtonen concludes visit to Bosnia and Herzegovina, reiterates OSCE’s continued support for stability and security in the country - OSCE.orgOSCE Chairperson-in-Office Valtonen concludes visit to Bosnia and Herzegovina, reiterates OSCE’s continued support for stability and security in the country  OSCE.org

Bosnia and Herzegovina-San Marino | European Qualifiers 2026 - UEFA.comBosnia and Herzegovina-San Marino | European Qualifiers 2026  UEFA.com

Nation-Building in Bosnia and Herzegovina: 30 Years of Failure - The Heritage FoundationNation-Building in Bosnia and Herzegovina: 30 Years of Failure  The Heritage Foundation

NATO Secretary General meets with Željka Cvijanovic, Chair of Bosnia and Herzegovina's Presidency - NATO - HomepageNATO Secretary General meets with Željka Cvijanovic, Chair of Bosnia and Herzegovina's Presidency  NATO - Homepage

The Bright Side: Sarajevo street artists paint over bullet holes from the Bosnian war - France 24The Bright Side: Sarajevo street artists paint over bullet holes from the Bosnian war  France 24

Behind the Bullet Holes: A Roadtrip Through Bosnia and Herzegovina - TheCollectorBehind the Bullet Holes: A Roadtrip Through Bosnia and Herzegovina  TheCollector

How local partnerships improve lives in Jablanica and Gornji Vakuf-Uskoplje - EEASHow local partnerships improve lives in Jablanica and Gornji Vakuf-Uskoplje  EEAS

Statement by the President in Bosnia and Herzegovina - European CommissionStatement by the President in Bosnia and Herzegovina  European Commission

Bosnia and Herzegovina: Rights of Detained Migrants at Risk - Human Rights WatchBosnia and Herzegovina: Rights of Detained Migrants at Risk  Human Rights Watch

On unfounded claims about the EU's actions in Bosnia and Herzegovina - EEASOn unfounded claims about the EU's actions in Bosnia and Herzegovina  EEAS

CyberSEE: Bosnia and Herzegovina moves towards the signature and implementation of the Second Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime - The Council of EuropeCyberSEE: Bosnia and Herzegovina moves towards the signature and implementation of the Second Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime  The Council of Europe

Gaza Tribunal to hold 1st public session in Bosnia and Herzegovina - Anadolu AjansiGaza Tribunal to hold 1st public session in Bosnia and Herzegovina  Anadolu Ajansi

Bosnia and Herzegovina 2025: Two US plans for the Balkans and BiH at odds with expansionist concepts? - IfimesBosnia and Herzegovina 2025: Two US plans for the Balkans and BiH at odds with expansionist concepts?  Ifimes

How Bosnia Could Break Europe: The Return of Serbian Nationalism Could Start Another War on the Continent - Foreign AffairsHow Bosnia Could Break Europe: The Return of Serbian Nationalism Could Start Another War on the Continent  Foreign Affairs

NATO reaffirms its steadfast commitment to security in Bosnia and Herzegovina and to safeguarding the Dayton Peace Agreement - NATO - HomepageNATO reaffirms its steadfast commitment to security in Bosnia and Herzegovina and to safeguarding the Dayton Peace Agreement  NATO - Homepage

Statement by the OSCE Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina on the Occasion of World Press Freedom Day - OSCE.orgStatement by the OSCE Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina on the Occasion of World Press Freedom Day  OSCE.org

Gender-Based Violence in Bosnia and Herzegovina: The Silence That Endangers Lives - UnicefGender-Based Violence in Bosnia and Herzegovina: The Silence That Endangers Lives  Unicef

Bosnia and Herzegovina Honored at Global Ceremony for Gender Equality Reform in Public Institutions - UNDPBosnia and Herzegovina Honored at Global Ceremony for Gender Equality Reform in Public Institutions  UNDP